Pilots exposure during application

C. Conrad, D. Cooper, C. Monitoring of Potential Exposures of Mixer-Loaders, Pilots, and Flaggers During Application of tributyl phosphorotrlthloate (DEF) and trlbutyl phosphorotrithl-olte (FOLEX) to Cotton Fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California in 1979. California Department of Food and Agriculture, 1981. 

D. The participants included 26 ground applicators in North Dakota after a single exposure and 17 aerial applicators in Washington during intermittent exposure. The objective was to ascertain worker exposure base-levels of 2,4-D under normal use conditions. Mean daily urinary excretion of 2,4-D by workers involved in aerial applications was 0.006 mg/kg body weight for pilots and 0.02 mg/kg for mixer/loaders from intermittent exposure. Workers involved in ground applications had maximum mean one-day 2,4-D urinary excretion of 0.002, 0.003, and 0.004 mg/kg, respectively, for applicators, mixer/loaders, and mixer/loader/applicators from a one-time exposure. The Ej/2 (half-elimination time for total... 

The exposure of mixer-loaders and pilots during the airplane application of mancozeb to potato fields In Michigan, Minnesota and Oregon Is given In Tables VI, Vll and VIII. Mixer-loaders were exposed to mancozeb with forearms being most exposed (1125-9402 yg/body area). Pilots experienced very little exposure, but their hands did range from 58 to 1409 ig/body area. 

Table VI. Exposure of Mixer-Loaders and Pilots to Mancozeb and ETU During the Application of Mancozeb... 

In several studies carried out during aerial agricultural applications, a large portion of the total exposure was also seen on the hands, especially for mlxer/loaders. Peoples (15) monitored the potential dermal and Inhalation exposure of mlxer/loaders, pilots... 

The development of membrane materials for CO2 capture from flue gas has received much attention during the last decade, clearly as a function of the concern about climate change and the need for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Many papers have been published (here only a few are being referred to [10,188-191]), but the major challenges for this membrane application are durability of the material over time, as there will be exposure to SO and NO, and very high separation performance needed (flux and selectivity) in order to decrease the needed membrane area for the huge volume gas streams. Very few pilots have been tested around the world only two are mentioned here (i.e., from MTR and NTNU). The number of pilots is expected to increase over the next few years. 

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