Explosion quantity

Potash Mine Explosion Revealed (Failure to carry away combustible gas-air mixtures by ventilation before they accumulate in explosive quantities), C EN, Oct 14, 1963 16) Anon, "Solvent-Oxidizer Mixtures are Explosives (Violent and unexplained reaction between nitrogen tetroxide and many halogenated hydrocarbons), C EN,... 

The evaluation and demonstration of this weldi ng technique was accomplished in three phases evaluation and optimization of ten major expl welding variables (plate material, plate thickness, explosive quantity standoff, plate surface, plate deformation, mechanical shock, metal grain orientation, weld length, and expl residual), the development of four welu joints, and an a fplicationai analysis which included photomicrographs, pressure integrity tests, vacuum effects, and fabrication of some potentially useful structures in aluminum and titanium... 

The net explosive quantity (NEQ) (total net weight of explosive, incendiary and smoke substances) in the building or stack. 

Name of Explosive. Quantity Used. Percentage of Total. Name of Explosive. Quantity Used. Percebtnge of Total. 

Name of Explosive. Quantity Used. Percentage of Total. 

The scaled distance is the real distance over the cubic root of the net explosive quantity,... 

Many methodological, technical, and political questions arose, such as risk calculation procedures or data on spreading of hazardous effects, effects on humans, probabilities of explosions, representative explosive quantities, ete., and safety criteria. Much technical data came out of literature studies. Other data were gained through model or even full-scale tests. The safety criteria were discussed thoroughly and issued by the responsible authorities. 

The Explosives Weight Parameter. Based on common knowledge about scaling of explosion effects, it seemed obvious that the nondimensional explosives weight parameter/ is proportional to the cube root of the explosives weight. The explosives weight in this formula is defined as the total amount of explosives reacting within a short time, expressed in an equivalent mass of the explosive TNT. This quantity is often also described as NEQ (net explosives quantity). 

The linear velocity of air flow in the tunnel bore, in shafts, and in all other underground work areas shall be at least 30 feet (9.15 m) per minute where blasting or rock drilling is conducted, or where other conditions likely to produce dust, fumes, mists, vapors, or gases in harmful or explosive quantities are present. 

Initiators. Explosives such as mercury fulminate and certain metallic azides which are extremely sensitive to mechanical shock, and are accordingly used in small quantities in detonators to initiate the explosion of larger masses of less sensitive material. 

Picric acid if stored in bulk should, for safety, first be damped. Smaller quantities may be safely kept whilst dry, but should be stored in bottles having cork or rubber stoppers glass stoppers should never be used for potentially explosive substances, because on replacing the stopper some of the material may be ground between the neck of the flask and the stopper, and so caused to explode. 

Ammoniacal Silver Nitr. te. Add 1 drop of 10% aqueous NaOH solution to about 5 ml. of silver nitrate solution in a test-tube then add dilute NHg drop by drop with shaking until only a trace of undissolved Ag O remains. A number of reductions require the presence of Ag " ions. It is often advisable, therefore, after adding the ammonia to add silver nitrate solution until a faint but permanent precipitate is obtained. The solution should always be prepared in small quantities immediately before use, and any unexpended solution thrown away afterwards. If the solution is kept for some time, it may form explosive by-products. 

CAUTION. Sodium must be handled with great care and under no circumstances may the metal be allowed to come into contact with water as a dangerous explosion may result. Sodium is stored under solvent naphtha or xylene it should not be handled with the fingers but with tongs or pincers. Waste or scrap pieces of sodium should be placed in a bottle provided for the purpose and containing solvent naphtha or xylene they should never be thrown into the sink or into the waste box. If it is desired to destroy the scrap sodium, it should be added in small portions to rather a large quantity of methylated spirit. 

CAUTION. Ethers that have been stored for long periods, particularly in partly-filled bottles, frequently contain small quantities of highly explosive peroxides. The presence of peroxides may be detected either by the per-chromic acid test of qualitative inorganic analysis (addition of an acidified solution of potassium dichromate) or by the liberation of iodine from acidified potassium iodide solution (compare Section 11,47,7). The peroxides are nonvolatile and may accumulate in the flask during the distillation of the ether the residue is explosive and may detonate, when distilled, with sufficient violence to shatter the apparatus and cause serious personal injury. If peroxides are found, they must first be removed by treatment with acidified ferrous sulphate solution (Section 11,47,7) or with sodium sulphite solution or with stannous chloride solution (Section VI, 12). The common extraction solvents diethyl ether and di-tso-propyl ether are particularly prone to the formation of peroxides. 

When the vigorous reaction commences, the temperature rises to about 105° and remains at this temp>erature for some time. The main quantity of furfural should not be added until the vigorous reaction has started if this precaution is ignored, an explosion may result. 

RCH=N—ONa and R R C=N—ONa) which may be filtered off and washed with methanol to remove traces of sodium methoxide. It should be kept moist with methanol the sodium derivative, if allowed to dry, may become very explosive. Also, upon contact with a trace of water, it is liable to decompose with explosive violence. The sodium derivative may be dissolved by successively adding small quantities to cold water with continual stirring. 

I) When working with larger quantities of material, it is more convenient (and a better yield is obtained) to purify the air-dried product by distillation under diminished pressure. Use the apparatus pictured in Fig. II, 19, 4, and add a few fragments of porous porcelain to the solid. No air inlet can be employed to prevent bumping since this may lead to explosive decomposition. Collect the pure m-nitrophenol at I60-I65°/I2 mm. always allow the flask to cool before admitting air otherwise the residue may decompose with explosive violence. The recovery is over 90 per cent, of the pure m-nitroplienol. 

CAUTION This compound is EXTREMELY EXPLOSIVE and HIGHLY TOXIC I am not exaggerating Do not, under ANY circumstances, allow the acid to heat above room temperature (bp 37C). Use latex gloves to handle, and dispose of small quantities using plenty of water followed by dilute baking soda/water. 

Note 2. A very vigorous explosion has occurred in our laboratory in the course of a distillation of a large amount of the propargyl ether, which had been stored for 3 weeks at room temperature. Traces of peroxide (the product had not been kept under nitrogen) might have been responsible for the explosion. In any case it is not advisable to distil large quantities of propargyl ethers at normal pressure. 

The hazard posed can be limited by maintaining a zone free of people and property around a storage area of explosive material. The minimum radius of the zone depends on the type and quantity of explosive, the extent and type of barrica ding, and the magnitude of loss that would be encountered if an explosive incident occurred. The maximum distance to which hazardous explosive effects propagate depends on the blast overpressure created, which as a first approximation is a function of the cube root of the explosive weight, W. This is termed the quantity distance and is defined as... 

The procedures commonly used to demilitari2e conventional munitions iaclude munitions disassembly, washout or steamout of explosives from projectiles and warheads, iaciaeration of reclaimed explosives, and open burning or detonation. Open burning and detonation of large quantities of... 

Explosives are commonly categorized as primary, secondary, or high explosives. Primary or initiator explosives are the most sensitive to heat, friction, impact, shock, and electrostatic energy. These have been studied in considerable detail because of the almost unique capabiUty, even when present in small quantities, to rapidly transform a low energy stimulus into a high intensity shock wave. 

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