Explosion characteristics evaluation

A.m blent Environment. The environment around the flow conduit must be considered in meter selection. Such factors as the ambient temperature and humidity, the pipe shock and vibration levels, the avadabiHty of electric power, and the corrosive and explosive characteristics of the environment may all influence flow meter selection. Special factors such as possible accidental flooding, the need for hosedown or steam cleaning, and the possibiHty of lightning or power transients may also need to be evaluated. 

Standard tests are utilized early in the evaluation phase to evaluate flammability, ignition and explosive characteristics. These include differential thermal analysis, thermo gravometric analysis, drop weight tests, friction tests, card gap (shock initiation) tests, and materials compatibility tests. Information derived from the above tests serve as a basis to establish safe procedures and techniques to handle and process the chemicals into propellants. 

Study of the explosion blasting helps to evaluate the explosion characteristics and proper application of explosives, make the effectiveness of explosives complete, and supply necessary theoretical basis for packing design [18-20]. 

Evaluating the Characteristics of Vapor Cloud Explosions, Elash Eires, and BLEVEs Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety (Corporate)... 

This text is intended to provide an overview of methods for estimating the characteristics of vapor cloud explosions, flash flies, and boiling-liquid-expanding-vapor explosions (BLEVEs) for practicing engineers. The volume summarizes and evaluates all the current information, identifies areas where information is lacking, and describes current and planned research in the field. 

Radiant heat can be calculated using the SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering (Ref. 40) or CCPS s Guidelines for Evaluating the Characteristics of Vapor Cloud Explosions, Flash Fires, and BLEVEs (Ref. 5). If the expected radiant heat load exceeds the capacity of the building materials to resist it, further evaluation should be performed. References 104 and 105 provide additional guidance on fire. 

Chapter 3 offers guidance on evaluating the characteristics (e.g., peak side-on overpressure, duration) of potential explosion or fire phenomena. Additional information is briefly summarized in Appendix A of this document. Information on performing more detailed evaluations of the consequences of these phenomena on buildings, structures, contents, and occupants is presented below. 

From the calculated building damage versus response relationship and the empirical probability of serious injury or fatality versus damage relationship discussed above, the relationship between explosion overpressure (or other effects) and probability of serious injury or fatality may be constructed in a manner that accounts for the detailed structural characteristics of plant buildings. The steps involved are similar to risk screening (Chapter 4), with the addition of detailed quantitative structural evaluation of plant buildings and detailed quantitative frequency assessment as described in the next section. 

Potential explosion phenomena include vapor cloud explosions (VCEs), confined explosions, condensed-phase explosions, exothermic chemical reactions, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs), and pressure-volume (PV) ruptures. Potential fire phenomena include flash fires, pool fires, jet fires, and fireballs. Guidelines for evaluating the characteristics of VCEs, BLEVEs, and flash fires are provided in another CCPS publication (Ref. 5). The basic principles from Reference 5 for evaluating characteristics of these phenomena are briefly summarized in this appendix. In addition, the basic principles for evaluating characteristics of the other explosion and fire phenomena listed above are briefly summarized, and references for detailed evaluation of characteristics are provided. 

The purpose of this monograph, the first to be dedicated exclusively to the analytics of additives in polymers, is to evaluate critically the extensive problemsolving experience in the polymer industry. Although this book is not intended to be a treatise on modem analytical tools in general or on polymer analysis en large, an outline of the principles and characteristics of relevant instrumental techniques (without hands-on details) was deemed necessary to clarify the current state-of-the-art of the analysis of additives in polymers and to accustom the reader to the unavoidable professional nomenclature. The book, which provides an in-depth overview of additive analysis by focusing on a wide array of applications in R D, production, quality control and technical service, reflects the recent explosive development of the field. Rather than being a compendium, cookery book or laboratory manual for qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of specific additives in a variety of commercial polymers, with no limits to impractical academic exoticism (analysis for its own sake), the book focuses on the fundamental characteristics of the arsenal of techniques utilised industrially in direct relation... 

Mixtures of the nitrate with powdered aluminium or its oxide (the latter seems unlikely) were reported to be explosive [1], and the performance characteristics of flares containing compressed mixtures of the metal and nitrate have been evaluated [2]. A violent explosion in a copper smelting works was caused mainly by reaction of aluminium with sodium nitrate [3],... 

Hydrocarbon materials have several different characteristics that can be used to define their level of hazard. Since no one feature can adequately define the level of risk for a particular substance they should be evaluated as a synergism. It should also be realized that these characteristics have been tested under strict laboratory conditions and procedures that may alter when applied to industrial environments. The main characteristics of combustible hydrocarbon materials which are of high interest for fire and explosion influences are described below. 

In addition to the publications cited above, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) committee and the American Petroleum Institute (API) recently have addressed various aspects of blast protection technology relevant to this report, tn particular, CCPS has developed (iuidetinexfor Evaluating (he Characteristics of Vapor ( loud Explosions, hi ash hires, at id... 

Unless some external shock source was employed, it was found that molten aluminum had to reach the vessel bottom before an explosion could occur. In these cases, oiganic coatings and paints (except silicones) prevented explosions. Many coatings were studied (see, in particular, Hess et al., 1980) and, when evaluated on many tests of applicability, durability, and nonexplosive characteristics, it was recommended that epoxy, coal-tar epoxy, and bituminous paints be used. Silicone, graphite, and inorganic coatings, in general, did not prevent explosions. 

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