Explanatory practices

That concludes my example. Its intended purpose, of course, is as an analogy with mind-body interactions. What I hope to do is to draw some useful lessons from the analogy. For convenience, I refer to causal interactions between coins and vending machines as monetary-machine interactions. If we stopped here, if we looked no deeper, then, despite common explanatory practice, we would have to conclude that, with respect to machines, money was epiphenomenal. That is, the fact that money is money does not explain the effects of money on machines (or people, for that matter). It is the 5-facts that do all the explanatory work. What explains machine behavior is not broad facts about the value of internal coins, but narrow facts about their size, shape, and density. Once we have the analogy fully in place, though, I return to the analysis of these interactions and look a little deeper. I hope to show that, contrary to appearances, there is a sense in which monetary facts about coins and bank notes are causally relevant to machine behavior. The form of this relevance is suggestive about the way the mind may be causally relevant to human and animal behavior. 

Burge, T. (1993). Mind-body causation and explanatory practice. In J. Heil and A. Mele, eds.. Mental Causation. Oxford University Press. 

In the following review application for spectroscopic and nonspectroscopic fields along with comments, all based on the important references and explanatory practical experience of the author are found in 57 tables. 

Woody, A. I. 2003. On explanatory practice and disciplinary identity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 988 22-29. 

However these debates resolve, it is safe to say that chemists justifications for using highly idealized models are not merely pragmatic. Simple molecular orbital and valence bond models are not in widespread use simply because of uncertainties about the fundamental theory, lack of data, or computational difficulties. Rather, the use of such models is tied to the explanatory practices of chemistry and the use of such models is likely to be an enduring part of chemical theorizing. 

This box, which is self-explanatory, involves highly practiced actions in the skill-based domain. 

Aikenhead, 2006). An example, which is obvious given the thrust of this book, is the nature of the macro/submicro relationship and its explanatory value in the practice of chemistiy. 

Sociocultural, illness, and biological factors affect individual attitudes towards psychotropic medications. Health beliefs or explanatory models, particularly causal attributions regarding the illness and the treatment options afforded within such models, exert a profound influence on patients attitudes and behavior regarding medications (Smith, Lin Mendoza, 1993). Such effects can be subtle and can occur during the course of treatment even if there has been initial successful negotiation about the nature of the illness and treatment. In psychiatric illness little research has been leveled at the personal meaning that patients bring to treatment practices such as electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), oral medications, and depot injections, or to the transition between different administrative routes and types of medications. 

Grilly (2001) noted that Despite the numerous studies on tobacco use, it is still not clear what is so reinforcing about the practice. Do you agree or can you outline an explanatory model ... 

Solving practical problems such as the development of sustainable transgenic crops cannot be dealt with by making the planning process more science-based. Dealing with wicked problems is always political because of its deontic premises. Science only generates factual, instrumental and in the best cases, explanatory knowledge. 

The usefulness of a new theory can be assessed by two criteria (a) How widely applicable is it and (b) What testable predictions follow from it It is evidently not feasible to enumerate all possible explanatory applications of the theory to presently known facts, nor is it practicable to cite here more than a very few testable predictions. 

To decarboxilate tyrosine into tyramine, heat the tyrosine with barium hydroxide and separate, as seems practical (several ways are possible) to you. It will be easy to understand once you perform this operation, as it is really quite self-explanatory. Purify as described in JACS, 72, 2781 in the reductions chapter. 

European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Explanatory Note and Comments to the ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline E6 Note for Guidance on Good Clinical Practice, CPMPI768I97. London European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, 1997... 

The below definition needs some explanatory words (Box 5). A first aspect to consider is that counterfeiting implies the intention to cheat those who receive the medicine - either in the distribution chain or as patients. This is important because it permits to make necessary distinction between counterfeit medicines and sub-standard medicines. Counterfeit medicines are sub-standard because they are manufactured and distributed out of control and their composition is unpredictable. On the other hand, not all sub-standard medicines are counterfeits. Substandard products are genuine products, manufactured by officially licensed manufacturers, which do not meet quality specification set for them. All substandard products are manufactured without compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and other regulatory requirements established by the competent national regulatory authorities in order to ensure that efficacy and safety of medicines is not affected by quality problems. 

Chapter 1 contains seemingly diverse topics, but all are related to immunopathology. It is my hope that pathologists will benefit from these step-by-step protocols, which are presented in a self-explanatory form so that the reader can practice them without outside help. Chapter 8 contains details of specific methods because the various parameters of processing of each type of antibody, antigen, and tissue may need to be varied to obtain optimal results. I have tried to synthesize a large number and variety of immunohistochemical techniques into a single and concise basic handbook. Some alternative methods are also included. 

In this book we focus on two such major fields, biomedical and pharmaceutical. The book is aimed at life sciences and pharmaceutical readerships. Accordingly, the chapter authors emphasize explanatory material with practical implications rather than focusing on mathematical detail. The basics are explained in a way to give access to newcomers. The focus is on emerging applications of Raman spectroscopy in the concerned areas and the individual chapters emphasize the latest developments in these fields. 

And now back to explanation. The most important reason for not basing the criterion on this notion is that there are conceptual schemes which do not really provide explanations. Some conceptual schemes help us in practices which are not theoretical. They are not aimed at increasing our understanding in some field. Their purpose is rather to satisfy certain needs. Consider carpentry, for example. The conceptual scheme carpenters use has some capacity to provide explanations. For example, a carpenter explain that a board is unsuitable for some purpose because it is too thin. But the explanatory potential of conceptual schemes attached to practical activities is rather limited. So a criterion based on explanation is likely to rule that such conceptual schemes do not intersect, i. e. it is likely to be too strict. 

From a more practical point of view, the major problem with the incentive-sensitization theory of drug addiction is the lack of evidence for its occurrence in the human addict. Thus, Volkow et al. (1997b) showed that in cocaine postaddicts no behavioral (as expressed by drug-induced high) or biochemical sensitization (as expressed by drug-induced increase of extracellular DA in the striatum) can be demonstrated. As a matter of fact, a decrease in these measures was observed. These observations put a major question mark on the validity of the DA sensitization theory as an explanatory framework of drug addiction. 

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