Vapor-grown carbon nanofibers

A wide variety of carbon materials has been used in this study, including multi-wall carbon nanotubes (sample MWNT) chemically activated multi-wall carbon nanotubes (sample A-MWNT)16, commercially available vapor grown carbon nanofibers (sample NF) sample NF after chemical activation with K.OH (sample A-NF) commercially pitch-based carbon fiber from Kureha Company (sample CF) commercially available activated carbons AX-21 from Anderson Carbon Co., Maxsorb from Kansai Coke and Chemicals and commercial activated carbon fibers from Osaka Gas Co. (A20) a series of activated carbons prepared from a Spanish anthracite (samples named K.UA) and Subituminous coal (Samples H) by chemical activation with KOH as described by D. Lozano-Castello et al.17 18 activated carbon monoliths (ACM) prepared from different starting powder activated carbons by using a proprietry polymeric binder from Waterlink Sutcliffe Carbons, following the experimental process described in the previous paper13. 

The advantage of template synthesis is that organo or hydrogelator templates can direct the shape-controlled synthesis of oxide nanotubes. Recent reports describe the use of carbon nanofibers as a template for the shape-controlled synthesis of zirconia, alumina and silica nanotubes [78]. The shape of vapor grown carbon nanofiber... 

Title Arylcarbonylated Vapor-Grown Carbon Nanofibers... 

There is a continuing need for achieving a good dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes to ensure high performance of these materials. To address this concern, dispersed carbonyl-functionalized nanoscale mbes have been prepared by reacting 4-(2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)benzoic acid with vapor-grown carbon nanofibers in the presence of polyphosphoric acid. 

Functionalization of Vapor-Grown Carbon Nanofiber with 4-(2,4,6-Trimethylphenoxy)Benzoic Acid... 

Carbon nanofibers or vapor-grown carbon nanofibers are sp hybridized one-dimensional carbon nanostructures. Three types of carbon nanofiber structures classified based on the angle of graphene sheets are stacked, cup-stacked, and nanotubular [10]. The diameter of carbon nanofibers lies in between carbon nanotubes (100 nm) and carbon fibers (1000 nm). The synthesis procedures used for carbon nanofibers include chemical vapor deposition (CVD). 

Certainly, the future of carbon fibers may be strongly influenced by nanofibers and Pyrograf Products Inc., a subsidiary of Applied Sciences Inc., have built a plant to produce Pyrograf III-R a vapor grown carbon nanofiber. 

Lozano, K. Yang, S. Zeng, Q. Rheological analysis of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber- reinforced polyethylene composites. J. Appl Polym. Sci. 2004, 93, 155-162. 

Tibbets G G, Lake M L, Strong K L and Rice B (2007) A review for the fabrication and properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber/polymer comnposites. Compos Sci Technol 67 1709-1718. 

The conductivity of the electrode is cmcial factor for fast-response actuators. Unfortunately without improvements in the electrode conductivity, the porous carbons are not able to work at excitation frequencies higher than 1 Hz (Palmre et al. 2012 Sugino et al. 2009). One way is to tune the properties of carbon by choosing suitable precursors and synthesis conditions however, as discussed above, another approach to enhance the electrical conductivity of carbon-based electrodes is to combine amorphous carbon with carbon having higher electrical conductivity, such as CNTs with CDC, CNTs, or vapor-grown carbon nanofibers with activated carbon nanofibers or with carbon black. 

Al-Saleh, M.H. and Sundararaj, U. A review of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/polymer conductive eomposites.Carbon.2009,47( ), 2-22. 

Choi Y K, Sugimoto K, Song S M, Gotoh Y, Ohkoshi Y and Endo M (2005) Mechanical and physical properties of epoxy composites reinforced by vapor grown carbon nanofibers, Carbon 43 2199-2208. 

Zhou Y X, Pervin F and Jeelani S (2007) Effect of vapor grown carbon nanofiber on thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy, J Mater Sci 42 7544-7553. 

Vapor-grown carbon nanofibers do not have such a high aspect ratio as carbon nanotubes, and have more defects. However, they are significantly cheaper and available in much larger quantities. The nanofibers are typically 50-200 nm in diameter and 30-100 pm long (Green et al. 2006 Zhou et al. 2007), as shown in Pig. 55.2. 

Shuying Yang, Jaime Taha-Tijerina, Veronica Serrato-Diaz, KrystalFIernandez, and Karen Lozano. Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of aligned vapor grown carbon nanofiber reinforced polyethylene. Composites Part B 38, 228-235 (2007). 

V. Subramanian, H. Zhu and B. Wei, High rate reversibility anode materials of lithium batteries from vapor-grown carbon nanofibers, /. Phys. Cheni. B 110, 2006, 7178-7183. 

Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at different strain rates on neat 1 wt%, 2 wt% and 3 wt% vapor-grown carbon nanofiber-reinforced epoxy. Based on the experiment results, the following conclusions were made ... 

Strain Rate, Tensile Properties, Vapor Grown Carbon Nanofiber, Epoxy... 

Vapor Grown Carbon Nanofiber (Pyrograf III PR-24PS) VCGF Applied Sciences 60 50-100 53... 

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