Drug mixing

Fig. 2. Rotary die process of soft gelatin capsules where A represents the drug mix B, the mold wedge C, gelatin ribbons D, die roUs E, capsules and F,...

Some of the most commonly used added substances are listed in Table 2. Pharmacists involved in IV admixture programs must be aware of the types of additives that may be present in the products being combined, since the source of incompatibility between different drugs mixed in solution may be the excipients present. For example, drug formulations containing... 

FIGURE 4-1. Algorithm for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. (DMARD, diseasemodifying antirheumatic drug MIX, methotrexate NSAID, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug Rx, therapy.)... 

Ceftriaxone Intravenous, third-generation drug, mixed clearance with long half-life (6 hours), good CNS penetration, many uses including pneumonia, meningitis, pyelonephritis, and gonorrhea... 

Fig. 10.22. Comparison of separation of drug mix by CEC, HPLC and CZE. Column, Spherisorb ODS-1, 3 pm, 250 (335) mm x 100 pm i.d. mobile phase, acetonitrile-25 mM phosphate, 0.2% hexylamine, pH 2.5 (80 20 v/v) voltage (CEC), 25 kV pressure (HPLC), 200 bar CZE, uncoated capillary 250 (335) mm x 75 pm i.d. Peak identification 1, procaine 2, timolol 3, ambroxolol 4, metoclopramide 5, thiourea 6, naproxene 7, antipyrine. Reproduced with permission from Dittman et al. [56],...

Both aclacinomycin (ACM) and adriamycin (ADM) are antitumor and antibiotic drugs that bind to DNA. Figure 6-12 shows their structures, and Fig. 6-13 shows the RR spectra of these drugs mixed with poly(dA-dT) and poly(dG-dC) obtained by Nonaka et al. (25). It is seen that the fluorescence background is prominent in ADM-poly(dA-dT) but is quenched in ADM-poly(dG-dC). On the other hand, a strong fluorescence background is observed for ACM-poly(dG-dC) but is quenched for ACM-poly(dA-dT). These results suggest that ADM is intercalated between the G-C/C-G sequence, whereas ACM is intercalated between the A-T/T-A sequence of DNA. 

Djedaini, F., Coleman, A. W., and Perly, B. (1990), New cyclodextrins based media for vectorization of hydrophilic drug, mixed vesicles composed of phospholipids and lipophilic cyclodextrins, in Duchene, D., Ed., Minutes of the 5th International Symposium on Cyclodextrins, Editions de Sante, Paris, pp. 328-331. 

Reference compounds n-Alkanes wifh an even number of carbon atoms or a reference drug mix that contains amphetamine (1125), ephedrine (1365), benocaine (1545), methyl phenidate (1725), diphenylhydramine (1870), tripelennamine (1976), methaqualone (2135), trimepramine (2215), codeine (2375), nordazepam (2490), prazepam (2648), papaverine (2825), haloperidol (2930), and strychnine (3116). 

For use in asthma, cromolyn is administered by inhalation using solutions delivered by aerosol spray or nebulizer as well as a powdered drug mixed with lactose and delivered by a turbo inhaler. For use in mastocytosis, cromolyn is ingested in a liquid form. Cromolyn is available in ocular drop form for the treatment of vernal conjunctivitis. 

For asthma, cromolyn is given by inhalation using either solutions (delivered by aerosol spray or nebuhzer) or, in some countries but not in the United States, powdered drug (mixed with lactose and delivered by a special turboinhaler). 

Coccidiosis in poultry and cattle, a group of diseases caused by various species Eimeria (a sporozoon), has been a cause of tremendous economic loss in the poultry industry. The chances of infection have been greatly increased by contemporary battery methods of raising the birds, namely in a house of up to 30000 birds with an earth floor covered by wood shavings. Excellent prophylaxis, and even cure, of the disease can be obtained with the following drugs mixed with the food (a) sulfonamides, especially sulfaquinoxaline, (b)... 

M.S. Hassan, R. Lau, Inhalation performance of pollen-shape carrier in dry powder formulation with different drug mixing ratios Comparison with lactose carrier. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 386,6-14,2010. 

One mechanism for doing this is to use a transdermal patch. This is essentially an adhesive plaster with the drug mixed into the adhesive. Polyisobutylene adhesives are often used for this purpose. The drug then diffuses out of the polymer and through the skin at a preplanned rate. Of course this only works for drugs that can be absorbed through the skin. 

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