Executive Order agencies

Federal employees, for example, are covered by executive orders going back to 1962 which require federal agencies to recognize employee organizations. However, these unions cannot bargain over pay scales which are set by Congress. State and local employees may be covered by individual state laws which vary from state to state. Complaints can be brought to state employee relations commissions. 

An executive order from President Richard Nixon creates the Drug Enforcement Administration, a new federal agency that has responsibility for enforcing drug laws. 

In 1983, an Executive Order extended the coverage of the Bayh-Dole Act to all government contractors. The Act also granted federal agencies the right to offer exclusive or coexclusive licenses to patents on inventions made by laboratory employees considered necessary for the commercialization of the invention. 

Two months after Earth Day, 1970, President Richard Nixon issued an executive order creating the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to administer the nation s environmental laws and programs. The President adopted an apocalyptic tone characteristic of the time when he said, The 1970s must be the years when America pays its debt to the past by reclaiming the purity of its air, its waters, and our living environment...it is literally now or never. ... 

In 1994, President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 12898, requiring all federal agencies to make achieving environmental justice part of their mission . The federal government s definition of environmental justice has two parts equal protection from environmental and health hazards, and equal access to the decision-making processes that create a healthy environment in which to live, learn, and work. EJ is about fair treatment, and about expanding democracy to include everyone who is affected by a decision. 

Basically, the Executive Order requires that in issuing new regulations and in reviewing old ones, the issuing agency undertake regulatory action only when... 

Thus, the Executive Order requires that agencies affected by the order employ cost-benefit criteria in developing and issuing regulations. The tool to be applied for that purpose is the Regulatory Impact Analysis. 

The nature of the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) is specified in Section 3 of the Executive Order. In general, such analyses are required only for rules which the issuing agency determines are major rules. The order defines a major rule as any regulation likely to result in... 

Regulatory Impact Analyses so prepared are required to be reviewed by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, subject to the direction of the Presidential Task Force on Regulatory Relief. Thus, Executive Order 12291 affords two regulatory review levels, one by 0MB and potentially one by the Task Force. The 0MB, as an agency of the Executive Office of the President, is in a position to ensure that both the letter and the spirit of Executive Order 12291 are followed in RIAs produced by the several agencies. 

CMA also supports the cost-effectiveness requirement of Executive Order 12291. It believes that regulatory agencies should analyze the potential costs and benefits of reasonable alternatives for achieving regulatory goals. Non-regulatory approaches, such as economic incentives, can be more effective and less costly than regulations. 

Some conclusions can nevertheless be drawn. It seems clear from the survey research data that the American public is concerned over the increase in social regulation, and that there is growing interest in introducing the cost factor into agency considerations. It can reasonably be concluded that, so long as Executive Order 12291 requires regulatory impact analysis, cost-benefit analysis will play that function. Nevertheless, the nature of the debate is very likely to change in ways not yet anticipated by the present participants. 

Since 1950, the Federal Government has explicitly required Federal employees to report inventions created during the course of their work to the Federal Government (Executive Order 10096 15 FR 389). Beyond this requirement, however, there was no uniform patent and licensing policy for ail Federal agencies until 1980 when Congress passed the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act (Public Law 96-480). 

Two months after Earth Day, the president issued an executive order establishing a new regulatory agency, the Environmental Protection Agency. The new EPA was soon armed with the powers that had been denied to federal regulators two decades earlier. 

By the time Bush received the second National Academy of Sciences report, he had assumed the position of director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development. Established by an executive order on June 28, 1941—sbc days after German troops invaded the Soviet Union—the Office of Scientific Research and Development strengthened the scientific presence in the federal govenunent. Bush, who had lobbied hard for the new setup, now reported directly to the President and could invoke the prestige of the White House in his dealings with other federal agencies. The National Defense Research Committee, now headed by James B. Co-nant, president of Harvard University, became an advisory body responsible for making research and development recommendations to the Office of Scientific Research and Development. The Uranium Committee became the Office of Scientific Research and Development Section on Uranium and was codenamed S-1 (Section One of the Office of Scientific Research and Development). 

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