European Fish

Antonacopoulos, N. and W. Vyncke. 1989. Determination of volatile basic nitrogen in fish A third collaborative study by the Western European Fish Technologists Association (WEFTA). Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch. 189 309-316. 

Vyncke, W., J. Luten, K. BrUnner, and R. Moermans. 1987. Determination of total volatile bases in fish A collaborative study by the West European Fish TechnologistSassosiation (WEFTA). Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 184 110-114. 

This, then, was the scene in which SCP projects were planned in Europe. The need for alternative foods and feedstuffs was clear and, in the UK and elsewhere, oil and gas seemed a plentiful and cheap resource from which to produce them. North Sea gas fields were being exploited and research had shown that natural gas or its derivatives could be used to produce SCP feed of superior protein content to conventional feedstuffs. The economics of such processes seemed very promising. In 1971 the European prices for fish meal and soya meal were 200 and 100 per ton respectively. In 1973 oil price rises and a failure in the Peruvian fish meal supply pushed these prices up to 550 and 300 respectively. With such prices for the major feedstuffs it was considered that SCP feeds could be produced competitively. 

HPLC is often reported to be the technique of best choice for the quantification of food colorants. According to European Directive 94/36/EC, the quantities of synthetic colorants to be added to foods are restricted and thus reliable methods for their quantification must be established. Approved colorants, defined by E-coded numbers (Table 6.6.2), are permitted for non-alcoholic beverages, confectionery products, and even for caviar (dying fish roe). For example, a specific HPLC chromatographic method for the quantization of 14 synthetic food colorants belonging to azo dye, triphenyhnethane, or quinophthalone classes (E 102,104, 110, 122,123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 142, 151) was reported to check their contents in caviar. ... 

QSAR models addressing five endpoints relevant for REACH legislation have been developed by the European funded CAESAR research project [56]. These models are focused on BCF in fish, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, developmental toxicity, and skin sensitization. The developed models have been implemented into a Java-based applet available through the Internet. 

TCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP), in order of abundance. Minor amounts of other trichlorophenols and dichlorophenols may also be present, as well as recalcitrant polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPPs) and PCDD/Fs as impurities [75, 76]. In Finland, approximately 30,000 tons of CP products were used between 1934 and 1988, when they were banned because of their potential toxicity to humans and the environment [77, 78]. The careless manufacturing and application of wood preservatives together with the lack of suitable waste disposal caused massive contamination of river sediments and sawmill sites. For example, the river Kymijoki in southern Finland was identified as the largest source of dioxins accumulating in fish in the entire Baltic area. Similar products were used in other European countries, especially Nordic countries with a large forestry industry, such as Sweden [79]. 

Until recently, most studies performed within the Ebro River have been site-specific or focused on a single chemical family [20-24]. However, little is known about the concentration and patterns of a wide spectrum of priority contaminants in the whole Ebro aquatic ecosystem. The inclusion of the Ebro river basin into the European Union (EU) project AquaTerra (contract no. 505428) led to a more complete study concerning the entire river basin, various environmental matrices (sediments and two fish species) and five different chemical families... 

This chapter will review the levels and distribution of pharmaceuticals detected in both waste and river waters from the Ebro river Basin and gives an example about the use of established hazard indexes to estimate the possible risks posed by the pharmaceutical levels detected towards different aquatic organisms (algae, daphnia, and fish). Results presented in this chapter were integrated in the FP6 European Union project AQUATERRA (contract no. 505428). 

First, a brief explanation of the current knowledge regarding the sources and cycling of Hg and its transformation into MeHg is presented. Later, in this chapter, THg and limited data on organomercury levels in aquatic organisms of the Ebro River basin are detailed. The aquatic organisms most commonly studied in the Ebro River basin are zebra mussel, red swamp crayfish, and different fish species, namely European catfish, northern pike, common carp, rudd, roach, barbell, and bleak. 

Additionally, the determination of THg levels in muscle of some fish species within the Flix reservoir has been studied (Diez, unpublished results). As expected, THg concentrations increased with trophic level. A comparison between mercury levels in muscle tissue of the individual fish species (p < 0.05) produced the following order European catfish > common carp > rudd > roach. Average THg concentrations (in ww) in muscle of European catfish (n = 9), common carp (n = 30), rudd (n = 20), and roach (n = 5) were 0.848 0.476 ig/g 0.333 0.155 pg/g 0.283 0.163 pg/g and 0.217 0.199 pg/g, respectively. The relative trophic level of the analyzed species is based on a generalized knowledge of the species and stomach contents of the studied adult fish populations [56, 60, 62, 71],... 

There are several species of fish and other aquatic organisms susceptible of being used as pollution sentinels in the Ebro River (Table Species). However, none of them is present in all sites shown in Fig. 1, at least in enough abundance. From Barbastro to Flix (including the Riba-roja dam), barbel and bleak were preferred for chemical and pollution marker analyses whereas carp (Cyprinus carpio), European catfish (Silurus glanis), and roach (Rutilus rutilus) were the main species sampled in... 

Fish England 1985-87 Rivers Brett and Chelmer European eel, Anguilla anguilla ... 

Hakanson, L., T. Andersson, and A. Nilsson. 1990. Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes — linkages to domestic and European sources of emission. Water Air Soil Pollut. 50 171-191. 

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