Europe definitions

Table 3.3 lOFI and Council of Europe definitions of flavouring substance, flavouring preparation, process flavouring, and smoke flavouring [5, 6]... 

Originally, the word rayon was appHed to any ceUulose-based man-made fiber, and therefore included the cellulose acetate fibers. However, the definition of rayon was clarified in 1951 and includes textiles fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose and excludes acetate. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. 

Hemicellulose [9034-32-6] is the least utilized component of the biomass triad comprising cellulose (qv), lignin (qv), and hemiceUulose. The term was origiaated by Schulze (1) and is used here to distinguish the nonceUulosic polysaccharides of plant cell walls from those that are not part of the wall stmcture. Confusion arises because other hemicellulose definitions based on solvent extraction are often used in the Hterature (2—4). The term polyose is used in Europe to describe these nonceUulosic polysaccharides from wood, whereas hemicellulose is used to describe the alkaline extracts from commercial pulps (4). The quantity of hemicellulose in different sources varies considerably as shown in Table 1. 

Oakmoss. Extracts of oakmoss are extensively used in perfumery to furnisli parts of the notes of the fougnre or chypre type. The first step in the preparation of an oakmoss extract is treatment of the Hchen Evemiaprunastri (L.) Ach., collected from oak trees mainly in southern and central Europe, with a hydrocarbon solvent to obtain a concrete. The concrete is then further processed by solvent extraction or distillation to more usable products, of which absolutes are the most versatile for perfumery use. A definitive analysis of oakmoss volatiles was performed in 1975 (52). The principal constituents of a Yugoslav oakmoss are shown in Table 15 (53). A number of phenoHc compounds are responsible for the total odor impression. Of these, methyl P-orcinol carboxylate is the most characteristic of oakmoss. 

As defined by the World Petroleum Congress/Society of Petroleum Engineers (modified from Grace, J. D. et al. (1993). "Comparative Reserves Definitions U.S.A., Europe, and the Former Soviet Union." Journal of Petroleum Technology 45(9) 866-872. 

Extensive monitoring of the chemistry of precipitation is now available fi-om networks in both North America and Europe. Representative values of the major soluble species that account for most of the measured conductance of the samples at three United States sites are shown in (Table I) (77). It will be noted that the acidity, which is measured directly as pH, is due primarily to the presence of nitrate and sulphate ions that are not balanced by associated cations. While direct pH measurements are a valid measure of precipitation acidity, Reuss (18) has proposed that a balance of the principle ionic species, as in Equation 1 would provide a more appropriate definition of the acidity in relation to possible ecosystem responses. 

Despite the fact that the overall variability across Europe is small, we quite often find that between-group (interpopulation) variation exhibits a definite pattern or structure, which may either take the shape of small-scale... 

The integration of analytical methods in European standards requires their acceptance by several national experts within special working groups and in a final weighted vote of National Standards Bodies. Therefore, there needs to be very high confidence in the performance of methods. Consequently, methods should be tested in inter-laboratory method validation studies, with the exception of those multiresidue methods which are widely used throughout Europe. In the case of CEN methods there is no doubt about residue definition but detailed requirements about the number of matrices and concentration levels in validation experiments do not exist. Eor this reason it may be that CEN methods are validated for important crops only. 

Despite his laboratory s outward calm, Carothers was poised on the brink of an almost superhuman outpouring of scientific achievement. Over the next three years, between 1929 and 1931, he would transform the chaos of organic polymer chemistry with a clarity of focus and definition. He would settle the argument between Staudinger and the rest of Europe s chemists. As a leading polymer scientist later commented, Carothers work was a volcanic eruption, the reverberations of which are still being felt. ... 

The transition of empirical alchemy in 18th century Europe to scientific chemistry allowed the discovery of more and more new elements through the thirst for knowledge, intuition, patience, and even luck. Known materials such as gold, silver, copper, iron, and lead were "suspected" to be elements relatively early. Despite all the best efforts, these materials could not be broken down into further components, and hence their being elements was consistent with the then generally recognized definition of John Dalton, which was also staunchly supported by Antoine de Lavoisier. 

The invented biocatalysts based on R. rhodochrous strain ATCC No. 53968 and on B. sphaericus strain ATCC No. 53969, were protected not only as whole cell biocatalysts, but also their derivatives. Biocatalyst definition includes in addition to whole cells cell membranes, cell extracts and enzymes from those microorganisms. It should be noted that the first six patents are actually sets of similar patents with the first one providing coverage in Europe and the second one in US. This strategy involves coverage in US as well as Europe (the total number of patents is higher than the number of inventions) however, the allowed claims in US were always smaller than that allowed in Europe. IGT s last patent (May 1996) was filed in July 1994, when they already had begun... 

It is not the aim of this memorandum to prophesy the moment at which the untenable situation in Europe will reach the stage of open war. The definitive solution of Germany s economic situation lies in an extension of our living space, i.e., an extension of the raw materials and food basis of our nation.. . Much more important [than "political leadership" solving the problem is to prepare for the war during the peace. 

Implicit from the definition of the tolerable intake, i.e., an estimate of the intake of a substance over a lifetime that is considered to be without appreciable health risk, arises the question What are the health implications of exceeding the tolerable intake This issue has been discussed at an ELSI (International Life Science Instimte) Europe Workshop on the Significance of Excursions of Intake above the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) in 1999. The following questions were asked (Larsen and Richold 1999, Larsen 2006) ... 

By their very definition, the sky sciences are an open area. It was international partnerships within the European astrophysical community that opened the way to economic and political unification. Indeed, Europe began in the sky, with the foundation of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the European Space Agency (ESA), and today, astrophysical conferences have become planetary events. We can only rejoice ... 

C. Thalidomide caused a high incidence of pho-comelia, particularly in Europe, where it was approved as a sedative agent. There is no definitive evidence associating teratogenic activity with the other compounds. 

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