Eupatorium species

Eupatorieae Tribe.—Nine Eupatorium species that are found in the U.S.A. have been screened for pyrrolizidine alkaloids by Herz et al.2i Intermedine (42) (crystalline for the first time) and echinatine were isolated from Conoclidium coelestinum (L.) DC. (syn. Eupatorium coelestinum L.). Intermedine (42) and lycopsamine (41) were present in E. compositifolium Walt. These diastereoisomeric diols were separated as their borate complexes.29 Rinderine and 7-angelyl-heliotridine (43) were isolated from E. altissimum L.28... 

Several Eupatorium species, such as Eupatorium canna-binum (hemp agrimony) and Eupatorium purpureum... 

Cynara scolymus (artichoke) Echinacea species (coneflower) Eupatorium species (thoroughwort) inuia helenium (elecampane) Petasites species (butterbur) Senecio species (ragwort)... 

Jimson weed Datura stramonium Thoroughwort Eupatorium species... 

The American Herbal Products Association has established a trade requirement (AHPA 2011) that all products with botanical ingredients that contain toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including Eupatorium species, are not offered for sale for internal use and display the following cautionary label "For external use only. Do not apply to broken or abraded skin. Do not use when nursing."... 

Homospermidine synthase (HSS) activity was detected in root cultures of four Senecio and two Eupatorium species. The enzyme was partially purified from root cultures ofE. cannabinuniythe source with the highest specific activity... 

An ethanol extract of the leaves showed cytotoxicity to mammalian cells in vitro and weak in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Numerous sesquiterpene lactones (e.g., eupatilin, eupafolin, eupatorin acetate, and eupaformosanin) and flavones (especially eupatorin) isolated from Eupatorium species have shown cytotoxic and/or antineoplastic activities. ... 

Use discouraged due to potential presence of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids ubiquitous in Eupatorium species (newall). Abortion in cattle grazing on the plant is attributed to a high content of nitrate. Toxic principles are believed to include eupatorin (cytotoxic, emetic), bitter components (gastrointestinal irritants), and lactones (skin sensitizers) (brinker). 

Herbs that like damp soil will grow well in a naturally boggy area, or you can create one by the edge of a pond. Try meadowsweet Filipendula), water mint, valerian, and hemp agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum). In dry summers you will need to keep the water levels in the pond or bog garden topped off. Note that some of these species can become invasive once they are established in the garden. 

An investigation of the constituents of Mexican species of the genus Eupatorium has resulted in the isolation of sesquiterpenoids belonging to the eudesmane (294a and b), eudesmanolide (295a and b), cadinane (296), and guanolide (297) groups. 

Some new diterpenoid oxides have been obtained from Eupatorium jhanii. They are jhanol (12) and its 18-acetate together with jhanidiol (13) and its 18-monoacetate and diacetate. Their structures were established by correlation with manoyl oxide and by an examination of their C n.m.r. spectra. 11/3-Hydro-xymanoyl oxide (14) has been isolated from Juniperus oxycedrus ° A group of new 11-oxomanoyl oxide derivatives (15a—e) has been obtained from Coleus forskohlii (Labiatae). Their oxygenation pattern is reminiscent of that of the tricyclic diterpenoids which have beemobtained from other Coleus species. 

The structure of the epoxy-dialdehyde (15), from Afromomum daniellii (Zingiberaceae), was established by correlation with c -12-norambreinolide. The hydroxy-acid (16), salvic acid from Eupatorium salvia,and the ring B seco-labdane jhanic acid (17) from Eupatorium jhanii are two further diterpenoids from these species of the Compositae. The structure of the latter rests on interpretation of the H and C n.m.r. data. Gutierrezia lucida (Compositae) contains the 13-epimeric acids (18) related to agathic acid together with the butenolide (19). Some esters of 6-hydroxylabdane-17-carboxylic acids were detected in G. mandonii. The investigation of Cistus species has continued. The ent-labdane acetyl-laurifolic acid (20) is a component of Cistus laurifolius ... 

The aerial parts of Eupatorium articulatum L. (Compositae) are widely used in the Andes region of Ecuador for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The methanolic extract of this species exhibited a significant in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, when tested for its ability to reduce carrageenan-induced inflammation in rat paw oedema, thus supporting the traditional use claimed for this plant. Since the inflammation process is associated to the generation of reactive oxygen species and the induction of lipid peroxidation, the antioxidant properties of the extract were also studied [45]. Significant activity was observed when tested for its ability... 

The presence or absence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), some of which may cause liver toxicity, in boneset has not been fully investigated. Although many species of the genus Eupatorium contain PAs, these compounds have not been confirmed in boneset, and several references indicate a lack of these compounds in boneset (Arzneimittelkommission... 

Compounds with similar structure have been implicated in cases of livestock and human poisoning by Eupatorium rugosum, white snakeroot, in the eastern United States (Beier and Norman, 1990 Beier et al., 1987). This plantpoisoning syndrome was once a major problem and was considered an illness, often called milk sickness (Beier and Norman, 1990 Kingsbury, 1964). The lipophilic compounds of white snakeroot are excreted by lactating animals, usually cattle. In the southwestern United States, where white snakeroot does not grow, another species. Isocoma wrightii (syn. Haplopappus heterophyllus), has... 

Eupatorium macrophyllum L. (syn. Hebeclinium macrophyllum DC.) Oregano species with economic importance according to Lawrence (1984). 

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