Ethylene potassium alcoholate

Ethylene oxide Acids and bases, alcohols, air, 1,3-nitroaniline, aluminum chloride, aluminum oxide, ammonia, copper, iron chlorides and oxides, magnesium perchlorate, mercaptans, potassium, tin chlorides, alkane thiols... 

Styrene. Commercial manufacture of this commodity monomer depends on ethylbenzene, which is converted by several means to a low purity styrene, subsequendy distilled to the pure form. A small percentage of styrene is made from the oxidative process, whereby ethylbenzene is oxidized to a hydroperoxide or alcohol and then dehydrated to styrene. A popular commercial route has been the alkylation of benzene to ethylbenzene, with ethylene, after which the cmde ethylbenzene is distilled to give high purity ethylbenzene. The ethylbenzene is direcdy dehydrogenated to styrene monomer in the vapor phase with steam and appropriate catalysts. Most styrene is manufactured by variations of this process. A variety of catalyst systems are used, based on ferric oxide with other components, including potassium salts, which improve the catalytic activity (10). 

Polyether Polyols. Polyether polyols are addition products derived from cyclic ethers (Table 4). The alkylene oxide polymerisation is usually initiated by alkah hydroxides, especially potassium hydroxide. In the base-catalysed polymerisation of propylene oxide, some rearrangement occurs to give aHyl alcohol. Further reaction of aHyl alcohol with propylene oxide produces a monofunctional alcohol. Therefore, polyether polyols derived from propylene oxide are not truly diftmctional. By using sine hexacyano cobaltate as catalyst, a more diftmctional polyol is obtained (20). Olin has introduced the diftmctional polyether polyols under the trade name POLY-L. Trichlorobutylene oxide-derived polyether polyols are useful as reactive fire retardants. Poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) is produced in the acid-catalysed homopolymerisation of tetrahydrofuran. Copolymers derived from tetrahydrofuran and ethylene oxide are also produced. 

Di-(/)-chlorophenyl)-acetic acid has been made by the action of alcoholic potassium hydroxide on l,l-di-(/>-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane by the action of barium hydroxide on DDT in ethylene glycol and by the condensation of chlorobenzene with glyoxylic acid. ... 

There are three general methods of interest for the preparation of vinyl chloride, one for laboratory synthesis and the other two for commercial production. Vinyl chloride (a gas boiling at -14°C) is most conveniently prepared in the laboratory by the addition of ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane) in drops on to a warm 10% solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in a 1 1 ethyl alcohol-water mixture Figure 12.1). At one time this method was of commercial interest. It does, however, suffer from the disadvantage that half the chlorine of the ethylene dichloride is consumed in the manufacture of common salt. 

Tetrahydrofuran may be purified by refluxing over solid potassium hydroxide, followed by distillation from lithium alu-miniun hydride. Tetrahydrofuran may be replaced by ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (dimethoxyethane). The submitter has indicated that either solvent may be freed conveniently from water, alcohols, and moderate amounts of peroxides by passing the commercial solvent through a column (2 in. diameter X 2-3 ft. length) of Linde Air Products Molecular Sieves (type 13A iQ- n. pellets), at a rate of approximately 100 ml. per minute. 

Dicentrine, CgoHjjOjN. (Items 36, 37, 39, 40 list, pp. 172-3.) This alkaloid crystallises, from ether, alcohol, or ethyl acetate in prisms, m.p. 168-9° [a]i) + 62-1° (CHCI3), and yields well-crystallised salts. It contains two methoxyl groups and yields a monoacetyl derivative, colourless leaflets, m.p. 202°, which is not hydrolysed even by boiling alcoholic potash. 1 The methiodide, B. CH3I. HjO, has m.p. 224°, and according to Manske, yields a methine base, m.p. 158-9°, the methiodide of which with potassium hydroxide solution decomposes into trimethylamine and a crystalline substance, presumably a substituted phenanthrenyl-ethylene, which polymerises on recrystallisation. 

Acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one (59) is converted into the ethylene ketal (60) by treatment with ethylene glycol, triethylorthoformate and p-toluenesulfonic acid. The ketal is brominated with pyridinium bromide perbromide in THF and then treated with sodium iodide to remove bromine from the 5 and 6 positions. This gives the 16a-bromo compound (61) which is hydrolyzed in methanol to the free alcohol (62). Dehydrobromination is effected with potassium Fbutoxide in DMSO to give the -compound (63). Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of the ketal in aqueous acetone gives the title compound (64). ... 

Ethyl alcohol, 49 Ethyl benzene, 141 Ethyl benzoate, 209 Ethyl bromide, 54 Ethylene bromide, 62 Ethyl ether, 59 Ethyl malonate, 96 Ethyl malonic acid, 97 Ethyl potassium sulphate, 50 Ethyl tartrate, 115 rotation of, 120 Lykman depressimeter, 37... 

There are no liquid alkynes which can be conveniently prepared by the elementary student. Some of the properties of acetylenic hydrocarbons may be studied with the gas, acetylene. Although the latter may be prepared in moderate yield by the addition of ethylene dibromide to a boiling alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide or of sodium ethoxide,... 

Antifreezing agents for cement consist mainly of salts such as calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, and soda. Calcium chloride is highly corrosive and very restricted in use. Some salts, especially potassium chloride, will affect the curing time of cement. The latter chemical is in fact used to increase the pot life of cement. Likewise, alcohol freezing-point depressants, such as ethylene glycol, can be also included in the composition [1022]. 

Davidow (19), of the Food and Drug Administration, has described a colorimetric method applicable to technical chlordan. The method is based on the observation that when technical chlordan is heated with a mixture of diethanolamine and methanolic potassium hydroxide, a purple color is produced. When known amounts of this insecticide were added to cabbage, pears, and fresh and rancid rat fat, recoveries of 74 to 104% of the insecticide were obtained. However, because two crystalline isomers of chlordan isolated from the technical product do not give a colored reaction product with the reagent, further investigation of the method is being made. The red color obtained when technical chlordan is heated with pyridine, alcoholic alkali, and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, as described by Ard (2), likewise fails with the crystalline isomers of this insecticide. 

In a sensitive and specific colorimetric method 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethane is extracted from plant or animal tissue, using benzene or petroleum ether as the solvent. The solvent is evaporated at room temperature by a current of air and the residue dehydroha log ena ted with 2% alcoholic potassium hydroxide. By petroleum ether extraction the resulting 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethylene is removed from the reaction mixture. After the solvent is removed by air evaporation the dehydroha log ena ted methoxychlor is isolated from the nonsaponifiable portion of the fats and waxes by dissolving the residue in hot acetone, chilling, and filtering. After the acetone is removed by air evaporation, the residue is treated with 85% sulfuric acid. This produces a red solution with an absorption maximum at 555 m/z, the intensity of which can be read on a colorimeter and is a function of the methoxychlor concentration. Beer s law is obeyed over the range of 1 to 50 micrograms. 

The l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethylene is prepared by refluxing recrystallized methoxychlor in 95% ethyl alcohol for 2 hours with an excess of potassium hydroxide. It is recrystalfized from methanol. 

On a large scale ethylene chlorhydrin is prepared by the addition of hypochlorous acid to ethylene, by passing C02 and ethylene simultaneously into a solution of bleaching powder. Concentrated potassium hydroxide solution converts chloroethyl alcohol into ethylene oxide, by removal of HC1 ... 

Considerable effort has been carried out by different groups in the preparation of amphiphihc block copolymers based on polyfethylene oxide) PEO and an ahphatic polyester. A common approach relies upon the use of preformed co- hydroxy PEO as macroinitiator precursors [51, 70]. Actually, the anionic ROP of ethylene oxide is readily initiated by alcohol molecules activated by potassium hydroxide in catalytic amounts. The equimolar reaction of the PEO hydroxy end group (s) with triethyl aluminum yields a macroinitiator that, according to the coordination-insertion mechanism previously discussed (see Sect. 2.1), is highly active in the eCL and LA polymerization. This strategy allows one to prepare di- or triblock copolymers depending on the functionality of the PEO macroinitiator (Scheme 13a,b). Diblock copolymers have also been successfully prepared by sequential addition of the cyclic ether (EO) and lactone monomers using tetraphenylporphynato aluminum alkoxides or chloride as the initiator [69]. 

Ethylene cyanohydrin has been prepared by the action of ethylene oxide upon anhydrous hydrocyanic acid 1 but the majority of methods described in the literature have involved the interaction of ethylene chlorohydrin and alkali cyanide. This has been effected in the absence of a solvent by heating to ioo° in a closed vessel,2 by boiling the reagents in 50 per cent aqueous-alcoholic solution,3 by adding a concentrated aqueous solution of potassium or sodium cyanide to a boiling solution of ethylene chlorohydrin in absolute alcohol,4 and in aqueous solution at 45 °.5... 

Sulfuric acid. Potassium nitrate, 1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene, Methylene chloride. Hexane, Charcoal, Sodium sulfate Phosphorus oxytrichloride. Ethylene dichloride, Dimethylamine, Sodium carbonate. Sodium cyanide. Ethyl alcohol. Acetonitrile Phosphorus oxytrichloride. Ethylene dichloride, Dimethylamine, Sodium carbonate. Sodium cyanide. Ethyl alcohol. Acetonitrile, Pyridine... 

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