Alkyl ethylene oxide

More heavily alkylated ethylene oxides (Kq. 705) have also been subjected to the action of hydrogen halides.761- 18 1,5S-lW Mixtures of isomeric h lohydrins are undoubtedly produced, but precise quantitative data still remains to be aeoured. 

Alkylation Ethylene oxide Alkylation of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and mercapto groups in proteins... 

Alkyl ethylene oxide condensates and nonionic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) or poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymers become insoluble in water above a certain temperature, usually designated as the cloud point. The polymer chains collapse at this temperature, and, consequently, flocculation of aqueous dispersions or emulsions stabilized by these surfactants occurs when the system is heated above the cloud point. 

Stupp and coworkers first prepared mesostructured sulfides with oligomeric alkyl ethylene oxides [89, 90]. Lyotropic surfactant liquid-crystal phases are generated with the addition of appropriate metal ions, for example, Cd +. Hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen selenide gas is then fed into the solution to solidify the mesostructured organic-inorganic composites. The difficulty in this process remains the removal of the surfactants. A family of mesostructured solids, such as CdS, ZnS, and CdSe, have been successfully synthesized. 

Mixed micelles can be exploited as templates for preparation of nanoporous materials. Oligomeric alkyl-ethylene oxide surfactant (Polyoxyethylene (2) cetyl ether, B52), and ionic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB) form mixed micelles that self-assemble into well-ordered hexagonal and bimodal mesostructures. These systems can be used as templates to synthesize hydrothermally stable organized periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs). The X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM, BET, NMR and hydrothermal studies have been used to investigate the effects of B52 on the formation of various PMOs. The addition of B52 in the surfactant solution improves... 

Neutral route - various amines, triblock copolymers, and alkyl-ethylene oxides are used for preparation of different hexagonal mesoporous sieves, SBA-15, SBA-16, or OMAs. 

Alkylated ethylene oxide-propylene oxide polymers are used by Ceulemans and coworkers to thicken a liquid fabric softening composition [13]. 

Me3CCH2CMe2C H40H. M.p. 8l-83"C, b.p. 286-288°C. Made by alkylation of phenol. Forms oil-soluble resins with methanal (salts used as oil additives) and surfactants (with ethylene oxide). 

In contrast to alkylations with most of the alkyl halides, the reactions of anions with ethylene oxide in organic solvents such as diethyl ether and THE... 

The reaction of lithiated cumulenic ethers with ethylene oxide, trimethyl-chlorosilane and carbonyl compounds shows the same regiosnecificity as does the alkylation. 

Lithiated indoles can be alkylated with primary or allylic halides and they react with aldehydes and ketones by addition to give hydroxyalkyl derivatives. Table 10.1 gives some examples of such reactions. Entry 13 is an example of a reaction with ethylene oxide which introduces a 2-(2-hydroxyethyl) substituent. Entries 14 and 15 illustrate cases of addition to aromatic ketones in which dehydration occurs during the course of the reaction. It is likely that this process occurs through intramolecular transfer of the phenylsulfonyl group. 

Grignard reagents react with ethylene oxide to yield primary alcohols containing two more carbon atoms than the alkyl halide from which the organometallic compound was prepared... 

Tin(lV) chloride Alkyl nitrates, ethylene oxide, K, Na turpentine... 

Three generations of latices as characterized by the type of surfactant used in manufacture have been defined (53). The first generation includes latices made with conventional (/) anionic surfactants like fatty acid soaps, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, and alkyl sulfonates (54) (2) nonionic surfactants like poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(vinyl alcohol) used to improve freeze—thaw and shear stabiUty and (J) cationic surfactants like amines, nitriles, and other nitrogen bases, rarely used because of incompatibiUty problems. Portiand cement latex modifiers are one example where cationic surfactants are used. Anionic surfactants yield smaller particles than nonionic surfactants (55). Often a combination of anionic surfactants or anionic and nonionic surfactants are used to provide improved stabiUty. The stabilizing abiUty of anionic fatty acid soaps diminishes at lower pH as the soaps revert to their acids. First-generation latices also suffer from the presence of soap on the polymer particles at the end of the polymerization. Steam and vacuum stripping methods are often used to remove the soap and unreacted monomer from the final product (56). 

Allyl Glycidyl Ether. This ether is used mainly as a raw material for silane coupling agents and epichlorohydrin mbber. Epichlorohydrin mbber is synthesized by polymerizing the epoxy group of epichlorohydrin, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and aHyl glycidyl ether, AGE, with an aluminum alkyl catalyst (36). This mbber has high cold-resistance. 

Linear ethoxylates are the preferred raw materials for production of ether sulfates used in detergent formulations because of uniformity, high purity, and biodegradabihty. The alkyl chain is usually in the to range having a molar ethylene oxide alcohol ratio of anywhere from 1 1 to 7 1. 

In alkylation, phenols and amines are alkylated by sulfites in high yield and quaternary salts readily form (67). Ethylene sulfite reacts yielding hydroxyethyl derivatives and SO2 elimination, corresponding to its activity as an ethylene oxide precursor (68). 

Heating the adduct of ethylene oxide and sulfur dioxide with primary alcohols in the presence of alkaH hydhdes or a transition-metal haHde yields dialkyl sulfites (107). Another method for the preparation of methyl alkyl sulfites consists of the reaction of diazomethane with alcohoHc solutions of sulfur dioxide (108). 

Ethoxylation of alkyl amine ethoxylates is an economical route to obtain the variety of properties required by numerous and sometimes smaH-volume industrial uses of cationic surfactants. Commercial amine ethoxylates shown in Tables 27 and 28 are derived from linear alkyl amines, ahphatic /-alkyl amines, and rosin (dehydroabietyl) amines. Despite the variety of chemical stmctures, the amine ethoxylates tend to have similar properties. In general, they are yellow or amber Hquids or yellowish low melting soHds. Specific gravity at room temperature ranges from 0.9 to 1.15, and they are soluble in acidic media. Higher ethoxylation promotes solubiUty in neutral and alkaline media. The lower ethoxylates form insoluble salts with fatty acids and other anionic surfactants. Salts of higher ethoxylates are soluble, however. Oil solubiUty decreases with increasing ethylene oxide content but many ethoxylates with a fairly even hydrophilic—hydrophobic balance show appreciable oil solubiUty and are used as solutes in the oil phase. 

Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) yields truly compatible blends with poly(vinyl acetate) up to 20% PEMA concentration (133). Synergistic improvement in material properties was observed. Poly(ethylene oxide) forms compatible homogeneous blends with poly(vinyl acetate) (134). The T of the blends and the crystaUizabiUty of the PEO depend on the composition. The miscibility window of poly(vinyl acetate) and its copolymers with alkyl acrylates can be broadened through the incorporation of acryUc acid as a third component (135). A description of compatible and incompatible blends of poly(vinyl acetate) and other copolymers has been compiled (136). Blends of poly(vinyl acetate) copolymers with urethanes can provide improved heat resistance to the product providing reduced creep rates in adhesives used for vinyl laminating (137). 

Manufacturing procedures for producing dye dispersions are generally not disclosed. The principal dispersants in use include long-chain alkyl sulfates, alkaryl sulfonates, fatty amine—ethylene oxide condensates, fatty alcohol—ethylene oxide condensates, naphthalene—formaldehyde—sulfuric acid condensates, and the lignin sulfonic acids. 

MethylceUulose is made by reaction of alkaU ceUulose with methyl chloride until the DS reaches 1.1—2.2. HydroxypropyhnethylceUulose [9004-65-3], the most common of this family of products, is made by using propylene oxide in addition to methyl chloride in the reaction MS values of the hydroxypropyl group in commercial products are 0.02—0.3. Use of 1,2-butylene oxide in the alkylation reaction mixture gives hydroxybutyhnethylceUulose [9041-56-9, 37228-15-2] (MS 0.04—0.11). HydroxyethyhnethylceUulose [903242-2] is made with ethylene oxide in the reaction mixture. 

Manufacture of alkylsulfones, important intermediates for metal-complex dyes and for reactive dyes, also depends on O-alkylation. An arylsulphinic acid in an aqueous alkaline medium is treated with an alkylating agent, eg, alkyl haUde or sulfate, by a procedure similar to that used for phenols. In the special case of P-hydroxyethylsulfones (precursors to vinylsulfone reactive dyes) the alkylating agent is ethylene oxide or ethylene chlorohydrin. 

Fig. 6. Key intermediates derived from benzene. The alkylation reaction shown employs ethylene oxide. Hydrazine condenses with acetoacetic acid to form...

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