Ethylene glycol alkylations

Polymer (PANI) poly(anUine) (PVA) poly(vinyl)alcohol (PSS) poly(styrene sulfonate) (PVS) poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PA) poly(acrylic acid) (PEG-DC) poly(ethylene glycol) di-carboxylate (PEG-AS) poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl (3-sulfopropyldiether). 

Nagano K, Nakayama E, Oobayashi H, et al Experimental studies on toxicity of ethylene glycol alkyl ethers in Japan. Environ Health Perspect 57 75-84, 1984... 

Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Alkyl Dextran Ether (DexPEGi0C )... 

Dicarboxyethyl dextran 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2-Hydroxyoctyl- and 2-hydroxydodecyl Poly(ethylene glycol)-alkyl dextran ether 2-Hydroxy-3-phenoxy propyl dextran ethers Dynamic light scattering N,N- Dime thylace tamide 4-N.N-Dimethylaminopyridine Dextran propionate acetate... 

Amphiphilic poly(ethylene glycol)-alkyl dextran ethers are emerging as vehicles in the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs [251,268,269]. They form polymer micelles of low critical association concentrations (CAC) and small micelle sizes in aqueous solution. Particulate delivery systems lead to an enhancement of the absorption efficiency and bioavailability of highly hpophihc drugs orally applied, and provide the drug with some level of pro-... 

Investigations were also made into surface nanostructures and their reconstruction behavior, by altering the outer environment using a series of block copolymers, namely PS-f)-poly(2-(perfluorooctyl)ethyl methacrylate) [96], PS-b-P(HEMA) [106, 107], and PS-f)-poly[(oligo(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether methacrylate), synthesized by anionic block copolymerization [116-120]. 

Poly(ethylene glycol) alkylaryl ether phosphates and poly(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether phosphates have been used as inhibitors for the deposition of salts in the petroleum field. These reagents have high surface activity and are adsorbed on the nuclei of crystallization centres, thus preventing further crystallization and thus inhibiting the deposition of salts. 

ISH Ishizone, T., Seki, A., Hagiwara, M., Han, S., Yokoyama, H., Oyane, A., Deffieux, A., and Carlotti, S., Anionic polymerizations of oligo(ethylene glycol) alkyl ether methacrylates Effect of side chain length and co-alkyl group of side chain on cloud point in water, Macromolecules, 41, 2963, 2008. 

Reaction of the alcoholic group in the glycol ether molecule with acetic acid yields the ester, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, PMA. The ethylene glycol ethyl ether reaction with acetic acid gives the ester product ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate, EEA. Several other ethylene glycol alkyl ether esters are commercially available and are included in Chapter 11. 

Glycol, ethylene glycol, alkyl glycol ether 20 A 20 A See brake fluid, coolants... 

Glycol, ethylene glycol, alkyl glycol ether... 

Homologous mono-alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, such as monoethyl glycol (or 2-ethoxyethanol), HOC2H4OC2H5, form excellent solvents as they combine to a large extent the solvent properties of alcohols and ethers. The monoethyl and the monomethyl members have the technical names of ethyl cellosolve and methyl cellosolve respectively. Dioxan... 

Mono-alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, ROCHjCHjOH. The mono methyl, ethyl and n-butyl ethers are inexpensive and are known as methyl cellosolve, cellosolve, and butyl cellosolve respectively. They are completely miscible with water, and are excellent solvents. The commercial products are purified by drying over anhydrous potassium carbonate or anhydrous calcium sulphate, followed by fractionation after... 

Di-alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol, ROCHjCHjOR. The dimethyl ether, b.p. 85°/760 mm., is miscible with water, is a good solvent for organic compounds, and is an excellent inert reaction medium. The diethyl ether (diethyl cdloaolve), b.p. 121-57760 mm., is partially miscible with water (21 per cent, at 20°). 

Alkyl fluorides may be prepared in moderate yield by interaction of an alkyl bromide with anhydrous potassium fluoride in the presence of dry ethylene glycol as a solvent for the inorganic fluoride, for example ... 

Chapter III. 1 Heptene (111,10) alkyl iodides (KI H3PO4 method) (111,38) alkyl fluorides (KF-ethylene glycol method) (111,41) keten (nichrome wire method) (111,90) ion exchange resin catalyst method for esters (111,102) acetamide (urea method) (111,107) ethyl a bromopropionate (111,126) acetoacetatic ester condensation using sodium triphenylmethide (111,151). 

Alkyl fluorides have been prepared by reaction between elementary fluorine and the paraffins, by the addition of hydrogen fluoride to olefins, by the reaction of alkyl halides with mercurous fluoride, with mercuric fluoride, with silver fluoride, or with potassium fluoride under pressure. The procedure used is based on that of Hoffmann involving interaction at atmospheric pressure of anhydrous potassium fluoride with an alkyl halide in the presence of ethylene glycol as a solvent for the inorganic fluoride a small amount of olefin accompanies the alkyl fluoride produced and is readily removed by treatment with bromine-potassium bromide solution. Methods for the preparation of alkyl monofluorides have been reviewed. ... 

For unsubstitUted or lower alkylated dioxotriazines, it is advantageous to cyclize semicarbazones by sodium ethylate in ethylene glycol as described by Chang and XJlbricht. In this reaction 6-aza-uracil is obtained in 66% yield. The procedure was used for the preparation of labeled 6-azauracil ° and later for the synthesis of a number of 6-alkyl derivatives including 6-azathymine. °... 

Incorporation of a carbonyl group into the alkyl side chain also proved compatible with biologic activity. The key intermediate (76) is obtainable by Michael addition of the anion from diethyl malonate to methylvinyl ketone followed by ketalization with ethylene glycol. Condensation of 76 with hydrazobenzene leads to the pyrazolodione hydrolysis of the ketal group affords ketasone (78). ... 

A slightly more complex anti arrhythmic agent is pi rmentol (74). It is synthesized from 4-chloropropiophenone (72) by keto group protection as the dioxolane (with ethylene glycol and acid) followed by sodium iodide-mediated alkylation with cis 2,6-dimethyl pi peri dine to give 7. Deblocking with acid followed by addition of 2-1ithiopyridine completes the synthesis of pi rmentol (74). 

It would be expected that a few straightforward steps could accomplish the transformation of alkyl bromide 14 into phosphorus ylide 12 (Scheme 2b). On the other hand, the evolution of 14 from substituted aromatic furan ring 15 may not be obvious. It is, in fact, conceivable that the action of ethylene glycol on substituted furan... 

In the synthesis of DMC fiom the transesterification of EC and methanol, quaternary ammonium salt catalysts showed good catalytic activity. The main byproduct was ethylene glycol. The quaternary salt with the cation of bulkier alkyl chain laigth and witii more nucleophilic anion showed better reactivity. Hi temperature and large amount of catalyst increased the conversion of EC. The EC conversion and DMC selectivity increased as the pressure of CO2 increased from 250 to 350 psig. 

Similarly, a catalytic route to indigo was developed by Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals (Inoue et al, 1994) to replace the traditional process, which dates back to the nineteenth century (see earlier), and has a low atom efficiency/high E factor (Fig. 2.15). Indole is prepared by vapour-phase reaction of ethylene glycol with aniline in the presence of a supported silver catalyst. The indole is selectively oxidised to indigo with an alkyl hydroperoxide in the presence of a homogeneous molybdenum catalyst. 

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