Ion exchange resin catalyst

Mercapto-phosphonium salts ionically bonded to the acidic groups of the ion-exchange resins can be also used as promoters for the catalysts [28]. 

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Chapter III. 1 Heptene (111,10) alkyl iodides (KI H3PO4 method) (111,38) alkyl fluorides (KF-ethylene glycol method) (111,41) keten (nichrome wire method) (111,90) ion exchange resin catalyst method for esters (111,102) acetamide (urea method) (111,107) ethyl a bromopropionate (111,126) acetoacetatic ester condensation using sodium triphenylmethide (111,151). 

Methyl-te/t-butyl ether, a gasoline additive, is made from isobutene and methanol with distillation in a bed of acidic ion-exchange resin catalyst. The MTBE goes to the bottom with purity above 99 percent and unreacted materials overhead. 

Acrylic acid is usually esterified to acrylic esters by adding an esterification reactor. The reaction occurs in the liquid phase over an ion exchange resin catalyst. 

Ethyl-ter-butyl ether (ETBE) is also produced by the reaction of ethanol and isobutylene under similar conditions with a heterogeneous acidic ion-exchange resin catalyst (similar to that with MTBE) ... 

Various acetals and ketals from the reaction of alcohols and diols with aldehydes and ketones can be advantageously obtained using ion-exchange resin catalysts. Batch reactive distillation or DCR can be employed to obtain these acetals at high selectivity at very high conversion levels. 

Also, 1,3-dioxolane was obtained from the reaction of ethylene glycol (EG) and aqueous formaldehyde in high yield using an ion-exchange resin catalyst. In a batch mode of operation, with 50% excess EG, the conversion of formaldehyde is limited to 50% due to equilibrium limitation, whereas in batch reactive distillation, formaldehyde conversion greater than 99%... 

The selectivity for cross-dimerization relative to the dimerization of AMS, was found to be better with the acid-treated clay catalyst Engelhard F-24 than with the ion-exchange resin catalyst Amberlyst-15. Also, the formation of undesired side products, i.e. diisoamylenes, was lower in the case of Engelhard F-24 than for Amberlyst-15. 

Experimental data are available using an ion-exchange resin catalyst based on batch experiments at 60°C10. These data are presented in Table 5.710. 

Fig. 9. An example of this pulse sequence used in application to the investigation of an in situ esterification reaction in a fixed bed of ion-exchange resin catalyst is given in Section V. 1.

Klepacova et al. [23] have tested several commerdal strongly acidic ion-exchange resins with a madoreticular structure (Amberlyst A15, A35, A36 and A39) and with a gel strudure (Amberlyst A31 and A119) and two commerdal large-pore zeolites (H-Y and H-Beta). Ion exchange resin catalysts A15 and A35 with a highly crosslinked strudure were very adive in the dry and also in the wet form [23]. 

TBA and isobutene have been compared as the etherifying agent at 60 °C. The initial molar ratio of isobutene to glycerol was 4.0 with Amberlyst A35 as the catalyst. The conversion of glycerol is lower when etherified with TBA than when etherified with isobutene. More hydrocarbons are formed with isobutene than with TBA. But, with TBA, mainly monoethers are formed and valuable triethers are formed only in small amounts. In addition, TBA dehydrates to water, which has an inhibition effect on ion-exchange resin catalysts [23],... 

Ethanolamines became available commercially in the early 1930s they assumed steadily growing commercial importance as intermediates after 1945, because of the large-scale production of ethylene oxide. Since the mid-1970s, economical production of very pure, colourless ethanolamines has been possible. Ethanolamines are produced on an industrial scale exclusively by reaction of ethylene oxide (see I ARC, 1994) and excess ammonia. This reaction takes place slowly, but is accelerated by water. An anhydrous procedure uses a fixed-bed ion-exchange resin catalyst (Hammer et al., 1987). 

The reaction for making methyl-r-butyl ether proceeds quickly and highly selectively by reacting a mixed butene-butane fraction with methyl alcohol in the liquid phase on a fixed bed of an acidic ion-exchange resin catalyst (Fig. 1). 

A granular catalyst sometimes serves simultaneously as tower packing for reaction and separation of the participants by distillation, particularly when the process is reversible and removal of the product is necessary for complete conversion to take place. This is the case of the reaction of methanol and isobutene to make methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in the presence of granular acid ion exchange resin catalyst. MTBE is drawn off the bottom of the tower and excess methanol off the top. Such a process is applicable when the reaction can be conducted satisfactorily at boiling temperatures these can be adjusted by pressure. 

These zirconium phosphate materials are being developed as replacements for ion exchange resin catalysts. The arylsulfonic acid MELS have been evaluated for butene isomerization, methanol dehydration, MTBE synthesis as well as cracking, and for the alkylation of aromatics. In the synthesis of MTBE this catalyst appears to out-perform the ion exchange resins, Amberlyst 15. 

Alcohol dehydration can be accomplished under relatively mild conditions (30-150 °C) in both the liquid and gas phases with ion-exchange resin catalysts. 

Methyl -butyl ether production is the single largest consumer of butylenes. Liquid phase reaction of methanol with isobutylene in the presence of an acidic ion-exchange resin catalyst at temperatures of below 100°C and moderate pressures give excellent yields of this oxygenated gasoline additive (Eq. 19.54). 

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