4-Ethyl-3-hexanone

Hydroxy-4-ethyl-3-hexanone, 449 Hydroxyethylthiol carbonate, 383 3/3-Hydroxy-A , -etioallocholadienic acid,... 

Menthone has been prepared synthetically by Kotz and Hesse from methyl hexanone. This body was condensed with ethyl oxalate by adding... 

ACETATE AND ALDEHYDES OR KETONES ETHYL 1-HYDROXYCYCLO-HEXYLACETATE, 53, 66 2- (Hydroxymethylene)cyclohexanone with p-toluenesulfonyl azide to give 2-diazocyclo-hexanone, 51, 86 y-HYDROXY-ct, (3-UNSATURATED ALDEHYDES VIA 1,3-BIS(METHYL-THIO) ALLYLLITHIUM trans-4-HYDROXY-2-HEXENAL, 54, 19... 

B) (75JHC1245). Methyl ethyl ketone and acetophenone did not react under these conditions. Under the conditions of method B, 2-methylcyclo-hexanone gave A7-(2-methylcyclohexen-l-yl)aminomethylenemalonate (276, R = Me) in 36% yield. Cyclohexanone diethyl ketal and diethyl aminomethylenemalonate (13) were reacted at 140°C for 35 hr (method... 

METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL cis-2-HETHYLCYCLOHEXANOL trans-2-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL cis-3-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL trans-3-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL cis-4-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL trans-4-METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL 5-METHYL-2-HEXANONE n-BUTYL PROPIONATE ETHYL ISOVALERATE ISOPENTYL ACETATE n-PENTYL ACETATE n-PROPYL n-BUTYRATE n-HEPTANOIC ACID ETHYL-3-ETHOXYPROPIONATE... 

Methylbutyl acetate, see sec-Amyl acetate 3-Methylbutyl acetate, see Isoamyl acetate 3-Methyl-l-butyl acetate, see Isoamyl acetate 3-Methylbutyl ethanoate, see Isoamyl acetate Methylbutyl ethyl ketone, see 5-Methyl-3-heptanone Methyl n-butyl ketone, see 2-Hexanone Methylcarbamate-l-naphthalenol, see Carbaryl Methylcarbamate-l -naphthol, see Carbaryl Methyl carbamic acid, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-... 

Additional aldehydes and ketones were also included in the U.S. Nationwide Occurrence Study dimethylglyoxal (2,3-butanedione), cyanoformaldehyde, 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), trans-2-hexanal, 5-keto-l-hexanal, and 6-hydroxy-2-hexanone [11, 13]. Dimethylglyoxal was the most consistently detected of these carbonyl compounds (up to 3.5 pg/L) and was found at higher levels in plants using ozone. Maximum levels of 0.3, 5.0, and 0.7 pg/L were observed for cyanoformaldehyde, 2-butanone, and trans-2-hexenal, respectively 6-hydroxy-2-hexanone and 5-keto-1 -hexanal were only detected in early stages of treatment, and not in finished waters. 

Numerous studies have been conducted in which animals were exposed to 2-hexanone via inhalation. However, the purpose of many of these studies was to assess the potential effects of combined exposure to 2-hexanone and another substance (usually chloroform or methyl ethyl ketone [MEK]). Study design has consequently involved exposure to only one concentration of 2-hexanone as a control exposure. A single high dose of 2-hexanone was used in several other studies in order to elicit and study histopathological changes in the affected nervous tissue. In addition, the grade or purity of the 2-hexanone administered was not stated in many studies, or in some cases, hexanone with purity as low as 70% was used. As a result of these various complications, the usefulness of the available data is limited. 

Hexanone has also been shown to potentiate the neurotoxic effects of some compounds. In hens, dermal or inhalation exposure to 2-hexanone in combination with dermal application of the pesticide O-ethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate (EPN) has resulted in earlier onset and far more severe clinical and histological manifestations of neurotoxic effects than with either chemical exposure alone (Abou-Donia et al. 1985a, 1985b). The authors speculated that this potentiation effect may have been due to induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 by EPN, leading to increased metabolism of 2-hexanone to its neurotoxic metabolite, 2,5-hexanedione. An alternate explanation is that local trauma to the nervous tissue produced by 2-hexanone and EPN might increase vascular permeability and thus increase the entry of these compounds and their metabolites from circulation. 

A study in which rats were exposed via inhalation to a combination of 2-hexanone and methyl ethyl ketone resulted in the potentiation of severe neurotoxic effects including paralysis and histopathological changes. These effects were either not observed or they occurred at much lower frequencies when either of the two compounds was administered separately (Saida et al. 1976). 

Interaction of 2-hexanone with EPN (Abou-Donia 1985a) and methyl ethyl ketone (Saida et al. 1976) may occur through the potentiation of the production of 2,5-hexanedione. An effective method of reducing the neurotoxic effects of combined exposures to these compounds would be to pharmacologically block the metabolic pathways that lead to the production of 2,5-hexanedione, given the same caveats presented for interference with metabolic pathways presented above. Increasing the breakdown or clearance of 2,5-hexanedione might also be effective. 

Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone) 6-Hydroxy-2-hexanone Dimethylglyoxal (2,3-butanedione)... 

Wittig reactions of cyclohexanone derivatives in their inclusion compounds with the chiral host 5 gave optically active reaction products. For example, when a mixture of finely powdered 1 1 inclusion compound of 5b with 4-methyl-(15a) or 4-ethylcyclo-hexanone (15b) and phosphorane (16) was kept at 70 °C, the Wittig reaction in the solid state was completed within 4 h. To the reaction mixture was added diethyl ether-petroleum ether (1 1), and then the precipitated triphenylphos-phine oxide was removed by filtration. The crude product left after evaporation of solvent from the filtrate was distilled in vacuo to give (-)-4-methyl- (17a) of 42% ee (73 % yield) or (-)-4-ethyl-l-(carboethoxymethylene)cyclohexane (17b) of 45 % ee (57 % yield), respectively [9], Similar reaction of the 1 1 inclusion compound of 5c and c /. v - 3,5 - dime th y I c y c I o h e x a n o n e (18) with 16 gave 19 of 57 % ee in 58 % yield [9],... 

Draw the structures of the following compounds (a) 3-ethyl-4-methyl-2-hexanone (b) 2-chloro-buytl acetate (c) ethylbenzene id) 3-ethylcyclohexene (e) 2-methyl-3-pentanol (/) 2-methylpropyl methyl ether. 

Conjugation has a great influence on the structure of aliphatic and alicyclic compounds. Thus, the existence of an amino form has been established (in addition to the extreme case of aromatic amines17) for all compounds where the double bond is conjugated with a carbonyl group (or its equivalent),12 with esters12,18 and nitriles of a,/8-un-saturated /8-amino acids,519,20 and with /8-amino-ketones. The /3-keto-esters ethyl 2-cyclopentanone- 1-carboxylate and ethyl 2-cyclo-hexanone-l-carboxylate exist as mixtures containing 95% of the keto... 

Alarm Pheromones. Ants utilize a wide variety of methyl and ethyl ketones to generate alarm signals (5). These compounds, which are present in relatively large quantities, are produced by species in most of the major subfamilies of ants. 2-Alkanones such as 2-heptanone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 4-methyl-2-hexanone are primarily produced by dolichoderine species (117,... 

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