Ethyl acetate toxicity

Ethyl acetate (exempt solvent) is much less toxic than MEK. 

V-Allylthiourea (thiosinamine) [109-57-9] M 116.2, m 70-73 , 78 . Recrystd from H2O. Soluble in 30 parts of cold H2O, soluble in EtOH but insoluble in "CeHg. Also recrystd from acetone, EtOH or ethyl acetate, after decolorising with charcoal. The white crystals have a bitter taste with a slight garlic odour and are TOXIC. [Anal Chem 21 421 7949.]... 

Benzoyl suinde [644-32-6] M 174.4, m 131.2-132.3 . About 300mL of solvent was blown off from a filtered soln of benzoyl disulfide (25g) in acetone (350mL). The remaining acetone was decanted from the solid which was recrystd first from 300mL of 1 1 (v/v) EtOH/ethyl acetate, then from 300mL of EtOH, and finally from 240mL of 1 1 (v/v) EtOH/ethyl acetate. Yield about 40% [Pryor and Pickering J Am Chem Soc 84 2705 7962]. Handle in a fume cupboard because o/TOXICITY and obnoxious odour. 

The chemical industry uses esters for a variety of purposes. Ethyl acetate, for instance, is a commonly used solvent, and dialkyl phthalates are used as plasticizers to keep polymers from becoming brittle. You may be aware that there is current concern about possible toxicity of phthalates at high concentrations, although a recent assessment by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found the risk to be minimal for most people, with the possible exception of male infants. 

Plant carotenoids are still extracted at laboratory and industrial scales with solvent mixtnres of ethanol and ethyl acetate, bnt solvent extraction always bears the risk of toxic residnes in the extracts and this limits their use in large production applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. 

The formation of ethylcellulose nanoemulsions by a low-energy method for nanoparticle preparation was reported recently. The nanoemulsions were obtained in a water-polyoxyethylene 4 sorbitan monolaurate-ethylcellulose solution system by the PIC method at 25 °C [54]. The solvent chosen for the preparation of the ethylcellulose solution was ethyl acetate, which is classed as a solvent with low toxic potential (Class 3) by ICH Guidelines [78]. Oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsions were formed at oil/ surfactant (O/S) ratios between 30 70 and 70 30 and water contents above 40 wt% (Figure 6.1). Compared with other nanoemulsions prepared by the same method, the O/S ratios at which they are formed are high, that is, the amount of surfactant needed for nanoemulsion preparation is rather low [14]. For further studies, compositions with volatile organic compound (VOC) contents below 7 wt% and surfactant concentrations between 3 and 5 wt% were chosen, that is, nanoemulsions with a constant water content of 90% and O/S ratios from 50 50 to 70 30. 

To suppress the noncatalyzed reaction (which decreases the enantioselec-tivity) between acetone cyanohydrin and the substrate, ethyl acetate is required as a co-solvent, and a low reaction temperature is also essential. Han et al.22 found that in organic solution with a trace amount of water the above reaction proceeds with the same high enantioselectivity as in the presence of an aqueous buffer. The reaction can be carried out at a wide range of temperatures from 0° to 30° C. To avoid using highly toxic potassium or sodium cyanide, acetone cyanohydrin is used as a cyano donor. 

Various liquid chromatographic techniques have been frequently employed for the purification of commercial dyes for theoretical studies or for the exact determination of their toxicity and environmental pollution capacity. Thus, several sulphonated azo dyes were purified by using reversed-phase preparative HPLC. The chemical strctures, colour index names and numbers, and molecular masses of the sulphonated azo dyes included in the experiments are listed in Fig. 3.114. In order to determine the non-sulphonated azo dyes impurities, commercial dye samples were extracted with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Colourization of the organic phase indicated impurities. TLC carried out on silica and ODS stationary phases was also applied to control impurities. Mobile phases were composed of methanol, chloroform, acetone, ACN, 2-propanol, water and 0.1 M sodium sulphate depending on the type of stationary phase. Two ODS columns were employed for the analytical separation of dyes. The parameters of the columns were 150 X 3.9 mm i.d. particle size 4 /jm and 250 X 4.6 mm i.d. particle size 5 //m. Mobile phases consisted of methanol and 0.05 M aqueous ammonium acetate in various volume ratios. The flow rate was 0.9 ml/min and dyes were detected at 254 nm. Preparative separations were carried out in an ODS column (250 X 21.2 mm i.d.) using a flow rate of 13.5 ml/min. The composition of the mobile phases employed for the analytical and preparative separation of dyes is compiled in Table 3.33. 

For the regeneration of ATP, we chose the system based in the use of acetyl phosphate as final phosphoryl donor because this affords several advantages (i) acetyl phosphate is easily obtained by acylation of phosphoric acid with acetic anhydride in ethyl acetate [24], and (ii) the resulting sodium acetate is a non-toxic and an environmentally compatible compound. However, this regeneration system is quite sensitive to pH changes. Thus, a continuous adjustment of the pH to 7.5 is needed to maintain the proper operation of the system. Perhaps the main aspect of this approach is that the DHAP must be formed at the same rate as it is consumed by the aldolase. To avoid the accumulation of DHAP and minimize its non-enzymatic degradation, fine tuning of the aldolase/DHAK activities is needed. This adjustment must be experimentally optimized for some acceptors. 

British Industrial Biological Research Association BIBRA Toxicity Profile of Ethyl Acetate. Technical report 325, pp 1-8. Carshalton, UK, 1992... 

Ethyl acetate is used in production of acrylic plastics. Ethyl acetate and butyl acetate find wide usage as solvents for nitrocellulose and lacquers. Hthyl acetate is considered one of the least toxic of all industrial organic solvents. Buiyl acetate s chief industrial competitor is methyl isobutyJ ketone. Over lime, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate may suffer the same fate as methyl acetate, which hos been largely displaced by other solvents. 

A number of solvents have been used to extract volatiles for aroma analysis but the optimum choice depends on a compromise. Table Gl.1.2 lists the most common solvents used to extract odorants from foods. Although pentane and ethyl acetate are flammable, they have a very low toxicity, represent extremes in polarity, and a sequential extraction using these two solvents will remove most of the volatile odorants from aqueous samples (see Basic Protocol 2) however, if the desire is to do a simpler one-step extraction, then a solvent should be chosen with a polarity that will extract the volatiles of interest. For example, maltol is not extracted well with pentane, and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, the smell of strawberry, is almost insoluble therefore, the choice of the optimum solvent depends on the analyte and may require some testing to find. 

It has been shown that toxic carbon tetrachloride can be replaced by ethyl acetate in the ruthenium-catalysed oxidation of alkenes and monoenic fatty acids. Oxidative... 

Note Highly polar solvent sweet, ethereal odor soluble in water flammable, burns with a luminous flame highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption miscible with water, methanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethers, acetamide solutions, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene chloride, and many unsaturated hydrocarbons immiscible with many saturated hydrocarbons (petroleum fractions) dissolves some inorganic salts such as silver nitrate, lithium nitrate, magnesium bromide incompatible with strong oxidants hydrolyzes in the presence of aqueous bases and strong aqueous acids. Synonyms methyl cyanide, acetic acid nitrile, cyanomethane, ethylnitrile. 

Capello et al.16 applied LCA to 26 organic solvents (acetic acid, acetone, acetonitrile, butanol, butyl acetate, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, diethyl ether, dioxane, dimethylformamide, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, formaldehyde, formic acid, heptane, hexane, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, methyl acetate, pentane, n- and isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and xylene). They applied the EHS Excel Tool36 to identify potential hazards resulting from the application of these substances. It was used to assess these compounds with respect to nine effect categories release potential, fire/explosion, reaction/decomposition, acute toxicity, irritation, chronic toxicity, persistency, air hazard, and water hazard. For each effect category, an index between zero and one was calculated, resulting in an overall score between zero and nine for each chemical. Figure 18.12 shows the life cycle model used by Capello et al.16... 

A flame-dried 5-mL flask was charged with catalyst (19.2 mg, 50 pmol, 5 mol%), 2-bromo-2-cyclohexen-l-one (109 pL, 1 mmol, 1 equiv), trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN 0.294 mL, 2.2 mmol, 2.2 equiv) and CH2CI2 (2.0 mL). The flask was sealed with a rubber septum and Parafilm , and the reaction cooled to —78 °C and stirred for 15 min. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (73 pL, 1 mmol, 1.0 equiv) was then added via syringe and the reaction stirred at —78 °C for 12 h, after which the contents of the flask were placed under high vacuum at —78 °C for 5 min to remove excess HCN (CAUTION HCN is highly toxic). After warming to r.t., the entire reaction mixture was loaded onto a silica gel column for FC. Elution (hexanes ethyl acetate, 20 1) gave the expected product as a white solid (261 mg, 95% yield, 97% ee). 

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