Category effect

Information on health effects in animals is extensive and available for all effect categories, but is nearly completely limited to oral exposure studies, which appears to reflect experimental practicality and concern for what is thought to be the most prevalent and likely route of environmental exposure. 

A limited amount of information is available on the systemic and carcinogenic effects of PBDEs in humans (Figure 3-5). Information on health effects of PBDEs in animals is available for all effect categories but, like PBBs, is mainly limited to oral exposure studies. In general, the health effects of PBDEs are less adequately studied than for PBBs (and PCBs). 

Capello et al.16 applied LCA to 26 organic solvents (acetic acid, acetone, acetonitrile, butanol, butyl acetate, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone, diethyl ether, dioxane, dimethylformamide, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl benzene, formaldehyde, formic acid, heptane, hexane, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, methyl acetate, pentane, n- and isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and xylene). They applied the EHS Excel Tool36 to identify potential hazards resulting from the application of these substances. It was used to assess these compounds with respect to nine effect categories release potential, fire/explosion, reaction/decomposition, acute toxicity, irritation, chronic toxicity, persistency, air hazard, and water hazard. For each effect category, an index between zero and one was calculated, resulting in an overall score between zero and nine for each chemical. Figure 18.12 shows the life cycle model used by Capello et al.16... 

Considerably more information on the health effects of hydrazines is available from animal studies. These are data for all effect categories from animal studies for oral exposure to hydrazines. The lethal, neurological, reproductive, carcinogenic, and systemic effects for all exposure durations are available from studies in animals exposed to hydrazines by the inhalation route. For dermal exposures to hydrazines, animal data are available regarding the lethal, neurological, and acute systemic effects. 

U.S. (FDA) Category III for Safety and effectiveness Category I for safety, Category III for effectiveness Short-term use (0.24-3.75%) Category I for safety, Category III for effectiveness Long-term use Category III for safety and effectiveness... 

About 70 oil wells were in this non-effective category. Although no additional oil was produced from them, a lot of very useful data were obtained in the process. This information helped advance the technique of steam treatment and better appraise its efficacy under different reservoir conditions. The failure of the steam treatment in these instances also showed how important it is to have very detailed knowledge of the reservoir, both with regard to its geological structure and lithology. 

The next step in the scoring approach is to assign an effect definition to the AS for the test substance. The Effect Categories are shown in Table 5 and are calculated in the following manner. 

The total failure rate for each failure effect category may be detailed in a summary sheet or is summarised in the Failure Modes and Effects Summary (FMES, see Section 5.2.5). 

For example, if a failure mode is foimd to cause two higher level effects (e.g. Loss of signal A and Loss of signal B ), then it might be combined (ARP4761 para G.3.2) to form a new effect category (i.e. Loss of signal A B ). 

Creating failure effect categories for each different type of highest system level effect, (i.e. each unique failure effect has a separate grouping of single failure modes). Because the FMEA considers single failure modes only, the various failure modes are assume to be independent. 

A code may be assigned to each effect category, which simplifies the FMEA worksheet by moving the description of each effect from the worksheet to the body of the report (SAE ARP 4761 para G.3.2). 

Rationale assigning a particular failure to a failure effect category... 

Categorization of expected risk reducing effect Categorization of expected cost Categorization of uncertainties Cost-effectiveness category... 

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