Ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salts

Although polymeric rheology control additives dominate the market for fracturing fluids, cationic surfactant-based systems have been introduced. Ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salts have been shown to afford viscoelastic aqueous fracturing fluids. The strength and temperature stability of the viscoelastic formulations depends upon the purity of the surfactant. These systems are claimed to break upon exposure to hydrocarbons, thereby affording clean-up behaviour superior to that available when using polymer-based fracture fluids. 

Ethoquad, Ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salts, Akzo Nobel Chemicals Inc. 

Similar, but more efficient, arc ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salts R2N" (CH2CH20H)2X. The popular anions are alkylsulfates andp-toluenesulfonate. As with ethoxylated amines, there is an increased tendency to form a hydrogen-bonded surface network relative to simple quaternary salts. This class of cationics tends to provide the greatest resistance of all internal anlistats to build of surface resistivity with decreasing relative humidity. This is simply from the difficulty in dehydrating aqueous sulfuric or toluenesulfonic acids without resort to extreme... 

Classification Ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salt Uses Industrial surfactant emulsifier for asphalt antlstat ttocculant hair conditioner... 

Surfactants are also used to break low mobility oil emulsions. Organic amines and quaternary ammonium salts (128), alkylphenol ethoxylates (128), poly(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide-co-propylene glycol) (129) and alkyl- or alkylaryl polyoxyalkylene phosphate esters (130) are among the surfactants that have been used. 

A broad range of information pertaining to the toxicity of several classes of surfactants including anionic (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), alkylether sulfates (AES), alkyl sulfates (AS), non-ionic (alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO)), cationic (ditallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (DTDMAC)—a group of quaternary ammonium salts of distearyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC)) and amphoteric surfactants (alkyl-betaines) is available. Several reviews of the scientific literature have been published [3-5,20]. 

Surface modifiers Anti stats Ethoxylated amines and quaternary ammonium salts, phosphate esters, glycerides... 

Antistatic additives are designed to be present on the surface of the molded part to achieve the full antistatic benefit. The types of additives used to enhance antistatic properties include quaternary ammonium salts, alkyl sulfonates or phosphate plus alkali metals, ethoxylated amines, or gylcerol esters. Antistatics are typically used at higher levels than other additives such as antioxidants. Therefore, antistatics are likely to increase light scattering, making it more difficult to achieve the higher chroma colors. 

A third class of industrial chemical biocides consists of agents with the ability to inhibit biological film formation, also called surfactants . The term surfactant originates from the phrase surface active agent. Surfactants fall into four broad categories anionic (e.g., soaps, alkyl benzenesulfonates, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl phosphates), cationic (e.g., quaternary ammonium salts), nonionic (e.g., alkyl polyglycosides, alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates), and zwitterionic. 

Highly ethoxylated amines and diamines have been recommended for demulsification of crude oil. Combinations of quaternary ammonium salts and amines oxides are useful for foaming and silt suspension. Coco alkyltrimethylammonium chloride and bis(2-hydroxy-ethyljcoco alkylamine oxide comprise the preferred combinations. Quaternary ammonium salts, including coco alkyltrimethylammonium chloride, are useful for preparing foamed oil-in-water emulsions, which can dissolve paraffins and asphaltenes without formation damage. The pyrolized amine salts of humic acid have been used in filtrate control additives. 

Quaternary ammonium salts containing hydroxyl or ether functions in the shorter groups attached to the head-group are can also be used as hydrate inhibitors. Ethoxylated alkyldiamines are another class of cationic hydrate inhibitor that has been patented recently. In all of the above cases, cationic hydrate inhibitors appear to work best when used in combination with other additives. 

Surface active compounds are often effective to potentiate the activity of the microbiddes. It is observed that the lower the content of volatile organic carbon in a paint the more important is the formulation of a preservative to transport the active ingredient to the location within the multiphase system where it is needed. Frequently, an optimum balance of membrane-activity and reactivity of the second active ingredient against microorganisms in complex matrices has to be found. It can be demonstrated that surface active compounds [II, 18.] like e.g. quaternary ammonium salts, fatty amine derivatives, ethoxylated alcohols or dodecylbenzene sulfonic add potentiates the activity of bactericides like BIT, MIT. 

Additives used in final products Plasticizers polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, partial fatty ester, glucose monoester, citrate, adipate and azelate esters, epoxidized soybean oil, acetylated coconut oil, linseed oil, acetyl tributyl citrate, glycerol triacetate, glycerol tripropionate Antistatics ethoxylated fatty amines, polyethylene glycol ester, quaternary ammonium salt Antiblocking diatomaceous earth, talc Slip erucamide ... 

Keywords electrical conductivity, resistivity, packaging, dust, migration, ethoxylated amines, quaternary ammonium salts, carbon black, glycerol monostearate, relative humidity, non-ionic surfactant. 

The antistatic agents recommended for PO fibers are quaternary ammonium salts of fatty acids, alkano-lamines, alkanolamides, polyglycolesters, alkoxylated triglicerides, and ethoxylated tertiary amines (Table 2). The quaternary ammonium compounds and nonionic surfactants dominate this field because of their higher oil solubility and hygroscopicity. 

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