Group race/ethnic

In view of the different manifestations of psychopathological behaviors found in diverse groups that cannot be adequately accounted for by factors concerning race, ethnic group or the acculturation process, Agbayani-Siewert et al. (1999) put forward a model that allows direct examination of the impact of cultural factors on psychopathological manifestations, while continuing to include structural social factors. 

Racial/ethnic group membership was expected to be an important factor in an individual s level of trust of these institutions. Controlling for gender, age, education, and income, African Americans were about 40% less likely than whites to trust universities Asians and Hispanics were nearly twice as likely as whites to trust the federal government. However, race/ethnicity was not a factor in trust in the pharmaceutical industry nor in trust in health organizations. 

The terms race, ethnicity, and minority are also used in this chapter. Race refers to a group that is socially defined on the basis of physical characteristics. Ethnicity refers to a shared culture and lifestyle, especially as reflected in language, folkways, religious and other institutional forms, material culture such as clothing and food, and cultural products such as music, literature, and art. Finally, the term minority group refers to a part of a population differing from others in some characteristics, which often subject them to differential treatment (Byrd and Clayton, 2002 Van de Berghe, 1967). 

Assumptions and Stereotypes. One explanation for disparities in care relates to the assumptions held by health providers about racial and ethnic groups. Race-based health research and practice reveal a series of dubious assumptions and negative profiles of African American and other patients of color that lead to inferior medical treatment. Medicine sometimes attaches characteristics to particular racial and ethnic groups, and physicians... 

With the exception of MEP, the NHANES 2003-2004 [148] subsamples showed that children aged 6-11 years excreted higher concentrations of metabolites than did older age groups, a finding that has been noted in other studies of German adults and children for DEHP metabolites [22, 157]. The 2003-2004 NHANES [148] subsamples also showed other differences in concentrations of specific phthalate metabolites by age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Finding a detectable amount of one... 

Like other race/ethnic groups, the African American population is not randomly distributed across the nation. Historically the population has been concentrated in the South. Therefore, it is not surprising that 70% of the interviewees were born in the South, while 23% had their origins in the Midwest, followed by the Northeast with 9% none were born in the West (Fig. 2.1). In general, survey data confirm these geographic distributions. It was noteworthy that there has been a decline... 

If this intended to be a NIH-funded study, are the requirements for inclusion of sex/gender and race/ethnicity groups satisfied ... 

Figure 5.3 Percentages of persons aged 12-25 reporting Ecstasy use in the past year, by race/ethnicity and age group. Use of Ecstasy is highest in Whites and Asians. Use of Ecstasy is also prevalent in other ethnicities, however. Ecstasy use, in general, is higher in the 18-25 age group.

It s important to test medical products in the people they are meant to help. In the past, most new drug testing had been done on white men. Groups such as women, blacks, and Hispanics often were not adequately represented. It s important to test medical products in a wide variety of people because drugs can work differently in people of various ages, races, ethnicity, and gender. The FDA seeks to ensure that people from many different groups are included in clinical trials. 

People who abuse inhalants do not fall into a specific group in terms of their gender, race, or ethnicity. In the past, solvent abusers were more often males, but in recent years, the frequency of solvent abuse between genders has equaled out. The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (2002) reported the percentage of inhalant users by race/ethnicity in the United States as 4.0% White, 3.8% Hispanic, 2.8% Asian, and 1.6% Black (Figure 7.2). 

Figure 30.1. Causes of blindness (best-corrected visual acuity <6/60 [<20/200] in the better-seeing eye) by race/ethnicity. AMD indicates age-related macular degeneration DR, diabetic retinopathy. Reproduced with permission from Congdon N, O Colmain B, Klaver CC, Klein R, Munoz B, Friedman DS, Kempen J, Taylor HR, Mitchell P, Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group (2004) Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 122 477 85.

TABLE 15.2. Proportion of Leukemia Incidence by Age Group for Four Histological Types Incidence of Leukemia by Race/Ethnicity and Gender for Four Histological Types-United States, 2001-2005 (SEER, 2008)... 

The investigation of a disease begins with a description of its occurrence in a population. The basic information required is the time (day, month, season or year) of onset of the disease, place (country, city, urban or rural residence) and various personal characteristics such as age, sex, race, ethnic group, educational background, socioeconomic status, occupation, biological characteristics such as biochemical levels and cellular constituents of blood, and personal living habits such as tobacco usage, alcohol consumption and diet. 

Metabolic A post hoc analysis of patients who received HCTZ, both as monotherapy and add-on therapy, found that variations of the KCNJl (a gene that encodes a potassium channel) was associated with increased fasting glucose in black patients treated with short-term HCTZ, and new-onset diabetes in patients treated with long-term HCTZ in all race/ethnic groups (OR 2.14 (1.31-3.53)) [27]. 

One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no statistically significant race/ethnic differences in the theorized climate measures. In other words, each of the nine climate measures was similarly perceived across racial/ethnic groups. For example. Institutional Support had the lowest means (3.09 for Blacks 2.87 for Hispanics and 2.75 for Whites) which would be indicative of students across the ethnic groups having mixed perceptions on institutional support (Af 3.0), this measure also had the largest variances showing that the racial/ethnic group differences were minimal. 

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