Race/ethnic

Race/ ethnicity (African Americans, Hispanic/ Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans)... 

Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race/ ethnicity, and heredity. Ischemic stroke risk is increased in those greater than 55 years of age, in men, and in African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Pacific Islanders. It is also increased in those with a family history of stroke. Modifiable risk factors include a number of treatable disease states and lifestyle factors that can greatly influence overall stroke risk. Hypertension is... 

Race/ethnicity (Native American, African-American, Latino/Hispanic-American, Asian-American, Pacific Islander)... 

Anemia is a common condition, and the prevalence of anemia varies widely based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and comorbid conditions. A study of anemia prevalence in a nationally representative sample of community-dwelling individuals describes how anemia differs across different populations.1 The prevalence of anemia in children (ages 1-16 years) was 6% to 9%, but the prevalence of anemia increases to approximately 11% in adults over age 65 years and to at least 20% in adults 85 years of age and older. Anemia is generally more common in women, particularly during their reproductive years (ages 17-49 years), when anemia occurs in over 12%, but in less than 2% of men. The same study showed that in the population over age 65, non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans had similar prevalence of anemia (9.0% and 10.4%, respectively), but with a prevalence of 27.8%, anemia was significantly more common in non-Hispanic blacks. 

Table 89-1 summarizes the possible factors associated with prostate cancer.2 The only widely accepted risk factors for prostate cancer are age, race/ethnicity, and family history of prostate cancer.2 The disease is rare under the age of 40 years, but the incidence increases sharply with each subsequent decade, most likely because the individual has had a lifetime exposure to testosterone, a known growth signal for the prostate.3... 

In view of the different manifestations of psychopathological behaviors found in diverse groups that cannot be adequately accounted for by factors concerning race, ethnic group or the acculturation process, Agbayani-Siewert et al. (1999) put forward a model that allows direct examination of the impact of cultural factors on psychopathological manifestations, while continuing to include structural social factors. 

Lanphear et al. (1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998b) studied factors affecting PbB levels in urban children and found the following independent predictors of children s PbB levels dust lead loading in homes, African-American race/ethnicity, soil lead levels, ingestion of soil or dirt, lead content and condition of painted... 

There are some significant differences according to race/ethnicity, education, and income of respondents. In general, the percentages of whites and Asians who said they would be very likely or somewhat likely to participate in genetic research are about 8 to 10 points higher p < 0.05) than African Americans and Hispanics. 

FIGURE 1.2. Percentage With "a Great Deal of Trust" in Various Organizations to Conduct Genetic Research (by Race/Ethnicity). 

Racial/ethnic group membership was expected to be an important factor in an individual s level of trust of these institutions. Controlling for gender, age, education, and income, African Americans were about 40% less likely than whites to trust universities Asians and Hispanics were nearly twice as likely as whites to trust the federal government. However, race/ethnicity was not a factor in trust in the pharmaceutical industry nor in trust in health organizations. 

FIGURE 1.9. Percentage Willing to Undergo Genetic Testing if Results Were Available to Employers, Health Insurers, and Life Insurers (by race/ethnicity). 

FIGURE 1.14. Response Shift During Interview on Views of Genetic Research (by race/ethnicity). 

Although numerous demographic variables were explored, individually and in combination, the only three variables with consistent statistical significance were race/ethnicity, income, and education. Age and gender were relevant to a lesser degree. Virtually none of the other variables, including health status, was of statistical significance. 

Bhopal, R., and L.W. Donaldson, "White European, Western, Caucasian, or What Inappropriate Labeling in Research on Race, Ethnicity, and Health," Am. J. Publ. Hlth., 88, 1303-1307 (1998). 

The terms race, ethnicity, and minority are also used in this chapter. Race refers to a group that is socially defined on the basis of physical characteristics. Ethnicity refers to a shared culture and lifestyle, especially as reflected in language, folkways, religious and other institutional forms, material culture such as clothing and food, and cultural products such as music, literature, and art. Finally, the term minority group refers to a part of a population differing from others in some characteristics, which often subject them to differential treatment (Byrd and Clayton, 2002 Van de Berghe, 1967). 

Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "Race, Ethnicity and Medical Care—A Survey of Public Perceptions and Experiences," 1-29 (1999). 

Lillie-Blanton, M., et al., "Race, Ethnicity and the Health Care System Public Perceptions and Experiences," Med. Care Res. Rev., 57, 218-235 (2000). 

Ryn, V., "The Implications of Social Cognition and Theory for the Provider Contribution to Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Health Care," Commissioned Paper Prepared for Physicians for Human Rights Committee on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Diagnosis and Treatment in the United States Health System, Washington, DC (2001). 

Foster, M.W. and R.R. Sharp, "Race, Ethnicity, and Genomics Social Classifications as Proxies of Biological Heterogeneity," Genome Res., 12, 844-850 (2002). 

Commissioner quoted in Lawrence H. Fuchs, The American Kaleidoscope Race, Ethnicity, and the Civic Culture (Hanover University Press of New England, 1990), p. 60 Dictionary of Races or Peoples, pp. 2-3. 

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