Race/ethnic factors

Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race/ ethnicity, and heredity. Ischemic stroke risk is increased in those greater than 55 years of age, in men, and in African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Pacific Islanders. It is also increased in those with a family history of stroke. Modifiable risk factors include a number of treatable disease states and lifestyle factors that can greatly influence overall stroke risk. Hypertension is... 

Table 89-1 summarizes the possible factors associated with prostate cancer.2 The only widely accepted risk factors for prostate cancer are age, race/ethnicity, and family history of prostate cancer.2 The disease is rare under the age of 40 years, but the incidence increases sharply with each subsequent decade, most likely because the individual has had a lifetime exposure to testosterone, a known growth signal for the prostate.3... 

In view of the different manifestations of psychopathological behaviors found in diverse groups that cannot be adequately accounted for by factors concerning race, ethnic group or the acculturation process, Agbayani-Siewert et al. (1999) put forward a model that allows direct examination of the impact of cultural factors on psychopathological manifestations, while continuing to include structural social factors. 

Lanphear et al. (1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998b) studied factors affecting PbB levels in urban children and found the following independent predictors of children s PbB levels dust lead loading in homes, African-American race/ethnicity, soil lead levels, ingestion of soil or dirt, lead content and condition of painted... 

Racial/ethnic group membership was expected to be an important factor in an individual s level of trust of these institutions. Controlling for gender, age, education, and income, African Americans were about 40% less likely than whites to trust universities Asians and Hispanics were nearly twice as likely as whites to trust the federal government. However, race/ethnicity was not a factor in trust in the pharmaceutical industry nor in trust in health organizations. 

Nonmodifiable risk factors or risk markers Age Gender Race Ethnicity Heredity... 

Many factors can affect a patients response to a drug. These include intrinsic factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, genetics,... 

Tsimikas S, Clopton P, Brilakis ES et al. Relationship of oxidized phospholipids on apohpoprotein B-lOO particles to race/ethnicity, apolipoprotein(a) isoform size, and cardiovascular risk factors Results from the Dallas Heart Study. Circulation 2009 19 1711-1719. 

Current evidence identifies a number of effect modifiers in children social stress and environmental enrichment gender differences race as a factor may operate through higher exposures in U.S. African-American children. Similarly, socioeconomic status affects both race/ethnicity outcomes and relative Pb exposures studies adjusting for exposure differences report effect modification bySES... 

Black switchers see themselves as different from their mostly White and Asian peers and experience lack of fit more than students in other races. These racial differences seem to supersede gender issues for most minority females. As we shall see, female switchers seem to suggest that gender is not an issue by itself, but becomes a factor in conjunction with race/ethnicity and lack of fit with the geek culture in engineering. 

The culture and climate in each engineering program is the result of a complex mix of race, ethnicity, gender, nationality, language and other factors... 

Quantitative analyses first compared student responses on individual items which were then aggregated into the nine theorized measures of cH-mate by institutions, gender, and race/ethnicity. To do this, we computed Cronbach s alpha and item-total correlation, the relationship between an individual item and a composite factor whereby high correlation values signified items to be retained as they seem to measure what the rest of the items in the subscale measured. Next, we computed the measure of interrater agreement to determine if student-level data were sufficiently... 

This chapter reviews the literature on the distribution of serum IgE levels in normal and asthmatic populations in developed countries including the United States, Canada, Europe, Scandinavia, and New Zealand. First, IgE levels observed in population-based studies of normal, healthy individuals are examined. Factors associated with serum IgE levels such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, and smoking are briefly discussed. Second, reports on the IgE levels in asthmatic and allergic populations both with and without an additional allergic comorbidity are reported. The association of serum IgE with disease status is discussed. Third,... 

Before going on to analyze the importance of taking cultural factors into account in order to correctly identify symptoms and, therefore, to reach a correct diagnosis and apply a suitable treatment, we are going to briefly review some of the terms frequently used to talk about cultural factors, such as race or ethnicity, as well as acculturation. Despite their widespread use both by laypersons and in academic spheres, these terms have rarefy been defined and on occasions are even used indistinctly (Adebimpe, 1994). 

Throughout the workshop discussion, as well as in scientific and nonscientific literature, the terms ethnicity and race are often used interchangeably. There are sensitivities surrounding these terms, and trying to get consensus on the definitions was beyond the scope of the workshop. It was recognized that both risk for disease and desirable and undesirable drug responses are variable across the human species, and the variability is dependent on both genetic and environmental factors, many of which may differ between populations. 

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