Ethanolamine, Table

These are the most common class of complex lipid (Figure 12.11) and contain a phosphoric acid residue (phosphate group) and two fatty acids esterified to glycerol. Attached to the phosphate group is an amino alcohol, sometimes referred to as the nitrogenous base, which may be either serine, choline or ethanolamine or sometimes the monomethyl or dimethyl derivatives of ethanolamine (Table 12.4). Alternatively, a polyhydroxy compound which is either glycerol, myo-inositol or one of their derivatives is attached instead... 

Finally, the above explanation of the acceleration of hydrogen exchange in quinaldine with alcohol as compared with ammonia is in agreement with the results of kinetic measurements carried out in ammonia and ethanolamine (Table 4). It was found (Shatenshteln and... 

Fig. 2. Flow sheet for ethanolamine production. EO = ethylene oxide MEA, DEA, and TEA ate defined in Table 1.

U.S. capacity of the etbanolamines ia 1989, almost one-half of global capacity, was estimated to be 379,000 t. Global capacity for 1989 was estimated at 692,000 t. Estimated annual U.S. production figures are Hsted in Table 3 (21). U.S. consumption of ethanolamines for various appHcations is shown in Table 4. 

The relative ratios of the ethanolamines produced depend principally on the ethylene oxide/ammonia ratio. A low EO/NH3 ratio increases monoethanolamine yield. Increasing this ratio increases the yield of di-and triethanolamines. Table 7-1 shows the weight ratios of ethanolamines as a function of the mole ratios of the reactants. ... 

Replacement of the ethanolamine head group is also well tolerated. Substitution with a cyclopropyl (243) [37], allyl (244) or propargyl group (245) [164] all led to an increase in binding affinity compared to AEA. Replacement of the head group with aromatics is also allowed. The phenyl derivative (246) retains affinity at the CBi receptor [37], whereas the 2-substituted A-methyl pyrrole (247) has a 2-fold improved affinity compared to AEA [167]. Interestingly, the 3-substituted furan derivative (23) that has micromolar affinity for the AEA transporter (see above) does not bind to the CBi receptor, but has good affinity for the CB2 receptor [167]. These results are summarised in Table 6.20. 

Synthesis of 1-boraadamantane adducts with ethanolamine, L-phenylalanine, L-cysteine and and L-leucine methyl esters was reported (Table 3). The structures of three of them were supported by X-ray analysis (Table 1) <2003JME2823>. 

Recently in our group, model membrane permeation barriers have been constructed with concentrated phospholipid solutions, 10-74% wt/vol soy lecithin (approximate %w/w lipid composition 24% PC, 18% PE, 12% PI cf. Table 3.1) in dodecane, supported on high-porosity, hydrophobic microfilters. This newly formulated lipid has a net negative charge at pH 7.4, which further increases above pH 8, as the ethanolamine groups deionize. Also tested were 10% wt/vol egg lecithin lipid solutions in dodecane (approximate composition 73% PC, 11% PE,... 

Phospholipids are also found which have similar structures (Table 12.6). These include lysophospholipids, which have only one of the two possible positions of glycerol esterified, almost invariably at carbon 1, and the plas-malogens, in which there is a long chain vinyl ether at carbon 1 instead of a fatty acid ester. These compounds also contain an amino alcohol, which may be either serine, ethanolamine or choline. Other rarer phospholipids are the monoacyl monoether, the diether and the phosphono forms. 

As shown in Table 1, the acyl moiety of cardiolipin is comprised almost entirely of unsaturated fatty acids. Other membrane phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine contain 1(M0 mol of saturatedfatty acids such as palmitic acid (Ci6 0) and stearic acid (Ci8 0) per 100 mol of total fatty acids. In particular,linoleic acid (Cl8 2) is the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid consisting of 80 mol%, linolenic acid (Cl8 3) 8 mol%, and oleic acid (Ci8 i) 6 mol%. Therefore, by using a commercially available cardiolipin purified from bovine heart mitochondria, we characterized auto-oxidation products by reverse phase HPTLC and reverse phase HPLC. 

The simplest of the glycerophospholipids is phosphatidic acid, in which phosphate is linked to the third hydroxyl function, forming a phosphate ester. More complex glycerophospholipids are derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which one of several groups is attached commonly choline, ethanolamine, serine, or myo-inositol. Structures are collected in table 19.1. 

Slurry explosives consist of saturated aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate with sensitizing additives.[i-3] Nitrates such as monomethylamine nitrate, ethylene glycol mononitrate, or ethanolamine mononitrate are used as sensitizers. Aluminum powder is also added as an energetic material. Table 4.15 shows a typical chemical composition of a slurry explosive. It is important that so-called micro-bubbles are present within the explosives in order to facilitate the initial detonation and the ensuing detonation wave. These micro-bubbles are made of glass or polymeric materials. 

Figure 1 shows plots of -ln(l-XH2) versus t for some of the monoalcohols tested, in comparison with ethanolamine, using the chromia-promoted catalyst. The plots are reasonably linear, but with some upward curvature indicating a deviation from first order behaviour at high conversion, in all cases the slopes (i.e. the rate) are less than that for the control ethanolamine. The structures and the first order rate constants, knz, calculated from the slopes in Figure 1 are listed in Table 2. 

Worldwide production of ethanolamines in 1985 was approximately (thousand tonnes per year) United States, 220 western Europe, 145 south-east Asia, 40 South America, 18 eastern Europe, 4. About 50% of world production of ethanolamines in 1985 was monoethanolamine, 30-35% diethanolamine and 15-20% triethanolamine (Hammer et al, 1987). Estimated annual production of diethanolamine in the United States is presented in Table 1. 

The signals of the expected mass were actually observed using the higher concentration of ethanolamine. The observed intensities are summarized in Table 1. There was found a significant tendency in these intensities, and this tendency suggests that the dehydration step following aldol condensation occurs almost completely at GA monomer... 

Abeles and associates showed that when dioldehydratase (Table 16-1) catalyzes the conversion of l,2-[l-3H]propanediol to propionaldehyde, tritium appears in the coenzyme as well as in the final product. When 3H-containing coenzyme is incubated with unlabeled propanediol, the product also contains 3H, which was shown by chemical degradation to be exclusively on C-5 . Synthetic 5 -deoxyadenosyl coenzyme containing 3H in the 5 position transferred 3H to product. Most important, using a mixture of propanediol and ethylene glycol, a small amount of inter-molecular transfer was demonstrated that is, 3H was transferred into acetaldehyde, the product of dehydration of ethylene glycol. Similar results were also obtained with ethanolamine ammonia-lyase 399... 

Alkoxides are very much stronger bases in anhydrous ethylenediamine than in alcohols (ethanol and ethanolamine). This can be seen from a comparison of the rate constants for hydrogen exchange in the CD group of triphenylmethane (Table 3) (Shatenshtein and Yakovleva, 1958). 

However, for certain applications non-aqueous solvents have their advantages. Uni-univalent electrolytes dissolved at low to moderate concentrations in solvents with a relative permittivity larger than, approximately, 30 are completely dissociated into ions. Of the solvents on the List, methanol, glycols, glycerol, formic acid, ethylene and propylene carbonate, 4-butyrolactone, ethanolamine, 2-cyanopyridine, acetonitrile, nitromethane and -benzene, the amides, whether N-substituted or not, dimethyl sulfoxide, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfate, and hexamethyl phosphoramide have s > 30 at ambient conditions (Table 3.5). Most of these solvents have, indeed, been used in electrochemical processes. 

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