Estimating plot plan

Research laboratories and office buildings are usually not included in the preliminary cost estimate. However, if they are contemplated their location should be indicated on the plot plan. 

Definitive estimates. Definitive cost estimates are the most time-consuming and difficult to prepare, but they are also the most accurate. These estimates require preparation of plot plans, detailed flow sheets, and preliminary construction drawings. Scale models are sometimes used. All material and equipment is listed and priced. The number of labor hours for each construction activity is estimated. Indirect field costs, such as crane rentals, costs of tools, and supervision, are also estimated. This type of estimate usually results in an accuracy of 5%. 

Preliminary plot plans and conceptual equipment layouts must be developed during the Phase 0/Phase 1 work in order to determine the plot requirements and help the estimators visualize the proposed facilities and prepare realistic cost estimates. 

If plot plans and equipment arrangements are not available, the estimator should be able to develop preliminary ones with the aid of Section 6.4. 

Definitive and/or appropriation type estimates can be developed in four or six hours with the information normally provided in a Phase 1 package, i.e., P ID s, equipment list, plot plans, arrangement drawings, and single line electrical diagram. 

Estimate based on either flowsheet and plot plans take-offs, or use 50% of the process areas piping. 

The number of lines can be estimated by marking up the yard on a print of the plot plan, with the help of flow diagrsuns, showing all lines located in the yard. Adding the number of lines (n), up to 18 inches in diameter, in the most dense section of the yard, the total width (W f ft.) will be as follows ... 

At the end of the year a complete report should be turned in which includes all calculations, flow sheets, material and energy balances, equipment specifications, preconstruction cost estimation figures, and economic evaluations. A carefully executed series of drawings, including plot plans, equipment layout, and elevation drawings may also be submitted if time permits. 

Piping design The plot plan is used to produce equipment arrangement studies that facilitate the interconnection of above- and below-ground process and utility piping systems and to estimate piping material quantities. 

Civil engineering The plot plan is used to develop grading and drainage plans, holding p>onds, diked areas, foundation and structural designs, and all bulk material estimates. 

Electrical engineering 1116 plot plan is used to produce area classification drawings, to locate switchgear and the incoming sut tation and motor control center, to route cables, and to estimate bulk mato ials. 

Instnimeat ei ineering The plot plan is used to locate analyzer houses and cable trays, assist in the location of the main control house, and estimate bulk materials. 

Estimating The plot plan is used to estimate the overall cost of the plant. 

The proposal plot plan, shown in Exhibit 3-1, is developed during the estimate phase of the projea and is used to estimate bulk materials. It is also included in the proposal as a representation of the unit arrangement to the prospeaive client. The proposal plot plan is based on limited information and generally indicates only the principal items of equipment, main supporting facilities, and overall dimensions. 

The sizing of process equipment should be conpleted and the approximate location on the plot plan determined. Referring to Table B.1.3 for equipment specifications gives some idea of key equipment sizes. For example, the data given for the reflux drums V-202 and V-203, reactor R-201, and towers T-201 and T-202 are sufficient to sketch these units on the plot plan. However, punp sizes must be obtained from vendors or previous jobs, and additional calculations for heat exchangers must be done to estimate their required footprint on the plot plan. Calculations to illustrate the estimation of equipment footprints are given in Example 1.11. 

The Kaplan-Meier estimates produce a step function for each group and are plotted over the lifetime of the animals. Planned, accidentally killed, and lost animals are censored. Moribund deaths are considered to be treatment related. A graphical representation of Kaplan-Meier estimates provide excellent interpretation of survival adjusted data except in the cases where the curves cross between two or more groups. When the curves cross and change direction, no meaningful interpretation of the data can be made by any statistical method because proportional odds characteristic is totally lost over time. This would be a rare case where treatment initially produces more tumor or death and then, due to repair or other mechanisms, becomes beneficial. 

When the residuals are plotted in the order in which the experiments were carried out, they should be scattered evenly about zero. However, there may be a slope demonstrating a trend in an uncontrolled factor that is affecting the results of the experiment. Provided the plan has been randomized, this will affect the estimations... 

CMbration Facilities at NBS. Calibration facilities are available at NBS for offering calibration service for meters that flow gas, see [13]. These are performed using air or other gases. Capabilities are shown in the chart shown in Fig. 3. Dashed lines in 3(a) indicate planned extensions of rate. Estimated systematic errors for the calibrations as plotted in 3(a) will be discussed in more detail in other parts of this paper. Typical reference flowmeters calibrated may add from 0.05 to 0.3% uncertainty to the systematic error shown as a result of imprecise meter readout and possible meter and flow instabilities under field conditions. 

Figure 1 Plot of Estimated OC Curve for Sampling Plans (10, 1) Derived from k = 10,000 Replications.

---