Plotting requirements

Plot requirements Small Small Large Large... 

The Nyquist plot discussed in the previous section presents all the frequency information in a compact, one-curve form. Bode plots require that two curves be plotted instead of one. This increase is well worth the trouble because complex transfer functions can be handled much more easily using Bode plots. The two curves show how magnitude ratio and phase angle (argument) vary with frequency. 

Fig. 6. Determination of the critical protein concentration. (A) Plot of protein in the supernatant fluid after quantitatively sedimenting polymer from a polymerized solution of tubules and tubulin at steady state. The critical concentration, Ko, is determined from the value of the y axis intercept, and the fraction of active protein, y, from the slope. (B) The conventionally used experimental method for estimating the critical concentration. Note that the x axis intercept is actually Ko/y, instead of Kj,. Interpretation of the slope from such plots requires knowledge of the ratio of polymer weight concentradon to turbidity (given here as a). Data from experiments such as those in A may be used in conjunction with this plot to obtain the cridcal concentration, and this can serve as an internal test for self-consistency of the data.

The chief limitation of this plotting method is that, unlike the Adair Equation, the plot requires that the system obey all of the conditions required by the MWC model. This assumption will often prove to be incorrect ... 

The construction of the plot requires only a pencil and ruler in this example to construct the essential features. The median is not central to the box and is skewed to the high side. However, the whiskers are not of equal length. The tail to the lower end of the distribution may indicate that some of the values may be outliers and should be investigated further. 

Preliminary plot plans and conceptual equipment layouts must be developed during the Phase 0/Phase 1 work in order to determine the plot requirements and help the estimators visualize the proposed facilities and prepare realistic cost estimates. 

Residual analysis is of vital importance in any regression analysis. A residual analysis entails the careful evaluation of the differences between the observed values and the predicted values of the dependent variable after fitting a regression model to the data. Residual plots are used interalia with a view to identifying any undetected tendencies in the data, as well as outliers and fluctuation in the variance of the dependent variable (21). However, interpretation of such residual plots requires great care on account of the possible degree of subjectivity involved therein. 

By following the concentration dependence of the negative-going band at 2253 cm , one can determine the average number of AcN molecules which are coordinated to the metal ion in solution. Experiments show that the integrated intensity of this band is linear in the electrolyte concentration over reasonable concentration ranges. Interpretation of the negative slope of these plots requires that the extinction coefficient of free acetonitrile molecules be determined in a... 

NONMEM was a Fortran program written as a DOS application that requires the user to write a control stream that identifies how to read in the data, how the model is defined, and what postprocessor activities should be called, such as building a table. To obtain quality scatter plots requires input into another statis-... 

When one is considering the capital cost of building upwards one must set against it the value of the plot required. A horizontal batch still with its need for bunding, the separation distance from other plants or buildings, etc. is extravagant in space. Access to laboratory facilities which may have to be visited many times a day should also favour a compact plant. 

As the construction of the Bagley plot requires considerable experimental effort, in practice a single long (L/R > 60) capillary is usually deemed to provide accurate results on the assumption that all corrections may be safely ignored. This assmnption is not always warranted and the reader is referred to... 

As outlined above, temperature analysis may be successfully performed if the unimolecular and bimolecular rate constants are known if the rate constants are known, and if we choose a standard state, a free energy profile can be drawn. Thus, the above thermodynamic analysis for a monosubstrate reaction shows that the meaningful application of a k/T) against /T plots requires that the individual uni- and bimolecular microscopic rate constants be separated. 

The last combination was chosen to keep the height no more than IS m. The best combination depends on site constraints, but the plot requirements are substantial. The shape of the pile is never ideal, and so some extra allowance of space is necessary. The true exposed surface area, calculated fiom the dimensions given to be 7,000-8,700 m, is also larger than that of a uniform pile. 

Hint We use after the line if we do not want to see on the command window the result of the computation. Finally, the use of the function plot requires the vectors and we can add as options the symbols and line types for each of the series between... 

Epoxy In D vs. 1/T (°K) Arrhenius plot requires two lines, with kink around 140°C Lin and Chat (2005)... 

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