Essential oils carvone

By far, the most important use of /-carvone is as a spearmint flavor in oral care preparations, such as toothpastes and mouthwashes. Chewing gum is another signihcant use for /-carvone. The essential oils. Carvone can be used to effect in small quantities in perfumery, but this represents a very small fraction of total consumption. 

Aldehydes occur naturally in essential oils and contribute to the flavors of fruits and the odors of plants. Benzaldehyde, C6H5CHO (8), contributes to the characteristic aroma of cherries and almonds. Cinnamaldehvde (9) is found in cinnamon, and vanilla extract contains vanillin (10), which is present in oil of vanilla. Ketones can also be fragrant. For example, carvone (Section 18.1) is the essential oil of spearmint. 

As is the case with many members of Lamiaceae, Satureja douglasii produces abundant essential oil from glandular trichomes on the leaves. Gas chromatographic analysis of the leaf oils from specimens collected throughout the species range revealed the presence of some dozen and a half well-known compounds. The major compounds identified were camphene [215], camphor [216], which, taken together, were considered to comprise the bicyclic type, carvone [217], pulegone [218], menthone [219], and isomenthone [220] (see Fig. 2.68 for structures 215-220). The predominance of each of these major components defined a terpene type. (All compounds were observed in each of the terpene types, most in comparatively small amounts, some only as traces.)... 

Cyclic terpene aldehydes occur in essential oils only in low concentration. These aldehydes are seldom used as single fragrance substances. A few of the cyclic terpene ketones are commercially important as fragrance and flavor substances, for example, menthone and carvone, which have the / -menthane skeleton, and the ionones, which have a (trimethylcyclohexenyl)alkenone skeleton. The ionones and... 

The major constituents of common caraway oil are (+)-limonene and (+)-car-vone, which together may make up more than 95% of the oil. (+)-Carvone is the essential odor component. 

Spirit drinks which are produced by flavouring ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin with distillates of caraway or dill are called akvavit or aquavit and mainly come from Denmark and Scandinavia these spirits are flavoured using neutral alcohol distillates of caraway (Carvum carvi) and/or dill Anethum graveolens) the use of essential oils is prohibited. The impact compounds of these spirits are f+j-carvone and anethol. 

Anethum graveoleus L. Shi Luo (Dill) (fruit, young shoot) Essential oils, d-carvone, dillapiole, limonene, bergapten, umbelliprenin, camphene, dihydrocarvone, dillapiole, dipentene, isomyristicin 48-50 Carminative, stimulant. 

Carum carvi L. Ye Hao (Caraway) (fruit, aerial part) Essential oil, d-carvone, coumarin, chromone, polyacetylene, hemiarin, scopoletin, umbelliferone, d-limonene, phytosterols.48-50-250-450 Carminative, treat stomach pain. 

Carum carvi L. China Essential oil, d-carvone, d-limonene, phytosterols.48 50 Carminative, treat stomach pain. 

The CO2 extracts from Egyptian raw material contain 15% of essential oil with a cf-carvone content of 55 to 60%. The extract is dark greenish and liquid at room temperature. 

TERPENELESS OIL. An essential oil from which the teqoene components have been removed by extraction and fractionation, either alone or in combination. The optical activity of the oil is thus reduced. The terpene-less grades are much more highly concentrated than the original oil (15—30 times). Removal of terpenes is necessary to inhibit spoilage, particularly of oils derived from citrus sources. O11 atmospheric oxidation the specific terpenes form compounds that impair the value of the oil for example, d-limonene oxidazes to carvone and y-terpinene to p-cymene. Terpeneless grades of citrus oils are commercially available. 

The determination of aldehydes and ketones is of importance in the analysis of those essential oils characterised especially by aldehydic or ketoruc principles, e g.,the citral contained in lemon and lemongrass oils, citronellal in citronella Oil and some eucalyptus oils, benzaldehyde in bitter almond oil, salicylaldehyde in meadow-sweet oil, anisaldehyde in aniseed and fennel oils, cuminaldehyde m cumin oil, cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon oil, carvone in caraway oil, pulegone in pennyroyal oil and methyl nonyl ketone in rue oil The determination of the aldehydes and ketones presents, however, difficulties and the above methods are moderately exact in only a few cases, especially when the content of aldehydes or ketones is considerable The bisulphite method is applicable particularly to the determination of cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde in cinnamon oil and bitter almond oil, and, up to a certain pomt, to that of citral in lemongrass Oil. The sulphite method gives good results in the same cases and for the determination of carvone and pulegone... 

Essential oil at the middle stage of maturity constituted monoterpene alcohols (76.77%), ketones (3.43%), esters (2.85%) and ethers (1.87%). Major constituents at this stage were linalool (76.3%), cis-dihydro carvone (3.21%),geranyl acetate (2.85%) and anethole (1.41%). Essential oils of mature fruit (final stage) were predominated by monoterpene alcohols (88.5%) and ketones... 

The chief components of the celery leaf oil were limonene, myrcene and cis-ocimene (Bubarova, 1973 Fehr, 1974). The sesquiterpene content of the leaf oil (< 5%) was relatively low compared with that of the fruit oil. The essential oil of leaves contained a higher amount of limonene compared with the roots and a very small amount of carvone (Sipailiene et al., 2005). Studies conducted on the leaf essential oil showed that the matured dry leaf contained essential oil having a composition similar to that of seed oil (Thappa et al., 2003). High... 

Carvone In the dextro (d) form carvone is found in caraway and dill essential oils. In the laevo (l) form it is the main constituent of spearmint oil (Fig. 3.9). 

Most ketones found in essential oils are toxic when isolated compounds are used. However, many oils high in ketones are considered safe to use for example, camphor is found in Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) at 15-30% and in Lavandula intermedia (also known as Lavandula hybrida) (lavandin) at 5-15%, and carvone is the main component of Mentha spicata (spearmint) at up to 70%. 

Examples of monoterpenes include the linear aldehyde citral, which is found in many essential oils, and the (cis) alcohol geraniol, a major component of oil of geranium. Cyclic monoterpenes include limonene, menthol, pinene, camphor, and carvone, major components of lemon oil, mint oil, turpentine, camphor oil, and caraway oil, respectively. Sesquiterpenes include farnesol, a component of rose oil, and bisabolene, a component of Bisabol myrrh. The diterpenes include phytol, a component of chlorophyll, and vita-... 

Optional) The major essential oil of dill is (+) carvone and the main constituent of spearmint oil is (—) carvone. These are optical isomers. Would the column used in this experiment separate these optical isomers Discuss how you could affect a separation of these two optical isomers using HPLC. 

Major components and compositions of CO2 extracted and distilled spearmint oils are shown in Table 2. A comparison of composition of the produced spearmint oils with the composition of other mint oils (published in the literature [6]) shows that a very special population was investigated. In particular, carvone and its related compounds and pulegone have been found as main components. Gas chromatografic analysis showed significant differences in composition of the SFE products and the distilled oil. The distilled essential oil contained more dihydrocarvone and less pulegone than the CO2 extracted counterpart. 

Cyclic Terpenes.— The cyclic terpenes and their oxidation derivatives such as pinene, limonene, menthol, terpineol, cineol, carvone, fenchone and camphor are found in a large number of essential oils... 

The umbels are of middle size, situated in top part of the plant. It is suitable for the fruits production for food industry. The essential oil content in the fruits is high the carvone ratio in the oil is standard (over 50 %). It can be cultivated in all growing regions. There is a risk of lower yield of the achenes. 

The variety is well resistant to the frost killing and is resistant to lodging. The inflorescences are white with delayed flowering period from Rekord variety. The essential oil content is middle to high, with the standard content of carvone (over 50 %). This variety is suitable to all growing regions. 

Depending on planting conditions, caraway fruits contain 2 - 7 % of essential oil consisting of about 30 compounds. Carvone and limonene account for the main portion, about 95%. The ratio of these main monoterpenes leads to the main purpose of the essential oil. The other compounds of the essential oil are pinenes, thujone, camphene, fellanderene (Sedlakova et al., 2001 Sedlakova et al., 2003b). 

The quality of caraway fruits used in pharmaceutical and food industry is given one of the main criteria - the essential oil content and D-carvone content, respectively. The amount of caraway processed in the pharmaceutical industry reaches 10 - 15 % of total caraway production (Sedlakova et al., 2001). The minimal limit of the essential oil (30 ml.kg"1 of dried drug) and D-carvone content in the essential oils required by the Czech Pharmacopoeia is 50 % (2006). Also, according to European Pharmacopoeia (6th Ed) caraway fruits contain not less than 30 ml.kg 1 of essential oil in dried drug. The specification in the application for designation of origin (PDO) for Czech caraway requires also minimum of 50 % of D-carvone. The steam distillation at Clavenger apparatus and GC methods are required for the assessment by the several standards. Table 6 describes the essential oil content of Czech caraway varieties. 

Table 6. Essential oil content and ration of carvone and limonen in 2008 in Czech...

Example Carvone, shown on the right, is the essential oil in spearmint. ... 

Main components In the fresh herb 0.5-1.5%, in the dried herb 0.05-0.35% essential oil, which contains up to 40% a-phellandrene, as well as limonene, carvone, and dill furan (dill ether, 3,8-epoxy-p-menth-l-en) as main components [86, 87, 88]. The latter should be present in a minimum of 5% as an indicator of pure herb oil ]89, 90]. 

In the ripe fruits 2-4% essential oil is found, which contains the same spectrum of components as dill weed oil, but in different ratios 30-60% (-i-)-carvone and up to 40% limonene. 

Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) The essential oil (3.3%) of the mature dried frait of this plant (33) contains mainly carvone and phellandrene. The oil (2.5-5%) from other countries has been reported to contain (5)-(+)-carvone (18-81%), dihydrocarvone (0.1 to 62%) and (R)-(+)-hmonene (10-50 %) (34). Dill is exotic to Kenya and the seeds are used as spices. Although the leaves are used in many countries, in Kenya they are rarely used. The oil has spasmolytic and antimicrobial effects (34). Dill water is a product containing this oil which is used as a carminative, antispasmodic and as gripe medicine for infants. 

Lippia carviodora Meikle Carvone (about 60%) was the major compound in the essential oil of partially dried leaves of L. carviodora Meikle with the yield of 3%. Other essential oil constituents included limonene (2.4-32.7%), carvinyl acetate (0-19.3%), andp-cymene (1.1-5.7%) (79,80). 

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