Equipment and Typical Application

The choice of the adhesive determines the type of application equipment required. For most industrial applications, pump-operated applicator systems are used which are designed to pump the adhesive directly from bulk drums at relatively high working pressures. Systems for using hot-applied adhesives need to be equipped with heated follower plates, hoses and guns. For automated application, additional dispensing units are necessary to meter the exact quantity of adhesive required for each application. 

For the manually applied Booster, an adaptor was developed for screwing onto the cartridge (Fig. 66(a)). Fig. 66(b) shows a pump-operated application of a Booster system. 

For manual application, the two components are filled into double cartridges and processed using a suitable cartridge gun and a mixing tube (Fig. 67). 

New pumping equipment had to be developed for warm melt adhesive for achieving an extrusion rate at a minimum of 350 g/min. Depending on the material viscosity the new pump, RT-Warm-Melt 800 can extrude up to 800 g/min (Fig. 68(a) and (b)). 

The adhesive is packaged in a composite foil bag within a pail of 280 mm diameter and 380 mm height. After insertion of the composite foil bag into express tube, a hydraulic cylinder drives the adhesive into the heating chamber and then to the feeding pump. Heated hoses lead the molten adhesive to the nozzle where a volume-dosing unit can be attached. 

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Chemical process equipment is of two kinds custom-designed and built or proprietary off the shelf. Unlike custom-designed equipment, proprietary equipment is often developed without the benefit of much theory and is fitted to job requirements also without the benefit of much theory. The process design of proprietary equipment, as considered in this book, establishes its required performance and is then a process of selection from the manufacturer s offerings. Since more than one kind of equipment often is suitable for particular applications and may be available from several manufacturers, comparisons of equipment and typical applications are cited liberally. 

Data of commercially available sizes of filtration equipment, their typical applications, and specific performances are available only to a limited extent in the general literature, but more completely in... 

This book is an important reference for engineers, and in particular chemical engineers, who will use such a volume throughout their studies and careers. Each major unit operation and the equipment associated with that operation are described in sufficient detail for the reader to obtain practical knowledge of the equipment s limitations and typical applications. The book contains sufficient working examples and references for the user to refer to more in-depth treatment of individual subject areas. 

Pressure vessels are very important process equipment. Their typical applications include the manufacture of ammonia, liquid sulphur trioxide (by boiling of olernns), nitrogen and oxygen (cryogenic, PSA and membrane processes), processing of petroleum, waste heat recovery boilers, etc. 

A general analysis, which forms a basis for predictions of performance, for a simple form of tubular centrifuge is given, followed by a detailed technical discussion of each available type of equipment and its particular design features, operation characteristics, performance and typical applications. Finally some notes and a guide to equipment selection are given. 

The measured pressure differences in ventilation applications are low or very low. The measurement range varies from a few pascals to several thousand pascals. At the lower end are typically building leakage and air movement-related measurements, where only a few pascals can cause a remarkably large air-tlow. The largest pressure differences probably occur in fan performance determination and similar applications. This wide range requires special demands on the measuring equipment and selection of the correct instrument for each application (Fig. 12.15). 

Table 4-5 [10] summarizes dry dust particle separators as to general application in industry, and Table 4-6 and Figures 4-4 and 4-5 [42] compare basic collector characteristics. Figure 4-5 presents a typical summary of dust collection equipment efficiencies which have not changed significantly for many years except for specialized equipment to specialized applications. 

Vibration analysis is the dominant technique used for predictive maintenance management. Since the greatest population of typical plant equipment is mechanical, this technique has the widest application and benefits in a total plant program. This technique uses the noise or vibration created by mechanical equipment and in some cases by plant systems to determine their actual condition. 

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