Dosing volume

Product Recipient Age (Years) Dose Volume (mL) No. of Doses Schedule (Months)... 

Snodgrass and Metker (1992) reported that male pigs dermally treated with [14C]-radiolabeled diisopropyl methylphosphonate dissolved in 95% ethanol (1-mL dose volume over a 100-cm2 area)... 

Water vapor pressure measurement in a dosing volume and, later, in the headspace above the equilibrated sample, and... 

In essence, volumetric methods equilibrate a known headspace dosing volume at a given (measured) water vapor pressure, and then they expose the pre-equil-ibrated sample to this water vapor, with subsequent measurement of the water vapor pressure after equilibration. The mass of water sorbed, An (in moles), at the final pressure in the system, Pf, is obtained from the difference, AP, between Pfcalc, the calculated water vapor pressure at equilibrium, and /ylleas, the final measured water vapor pressure ... 

Pilegaard, K. and Madsen, C., An oral Brown Norway rat model for food allergy comparison of age, sex, dosing volume, and allergen preparation. Toxicology, 196, 247, 2004. 

Pyrethroid-induced neurobehavioral effects including clinical signs are known to be highly influenced by methodological changes in route, vehicle, dosing volume, species, and strain [19, 20]. The influence of the dose volume on the neurobehavioral effects after single oral administration was evaluated with... 

Wolansky MJ, McDaniel KL, Moser VC et al (2007) Influence of dosing volume on the neurotoxicity of bifenthrin. Neurotoxicol Teratol 29 377-384... 

In an LD50 (lethal dose, 50% kill) test with Sprague-Dawley rats (sex not specified), an LD50 of 15,840 mg/kg was reported for 14-day-old rats (Kimura et al. 1971). Values of 32,340 and 28,710 mg/kg were reported for young (80-160 g) and older (300-470 g) adults, respectively. An LD50 for newborns could not be derived because of dose-volume limitations. 

Dose The doses and concentration selected are chosen to evaluate the severity of irritation. The dose volumes have been widely used in irritation testing. 

TABLE 13.5. General Guidelines for Maximum Dose Volumes by Route... 

If the test substance contains only 75% active ingredient and the investigator chooses a constant dose volume of 10 ml kg 1 body weight across all dose levels, it will be more convenient to prepare a stock solution such that when 10 ml kg 1 of this stock solution is given to the animal, the dose will be the desired one (say 500 mg kg 1 of active ingredient). The concentration of this stock solution would be (500mg/10ml)/0.75 = 66.7mg of the test substance per milliliter of diluent. 

TABLE 16.12. Permissible Dosing Volumes for Nonhuman Primates... 

Primates offer all of the possible dosing routes available in humans, but body size often limits dosing volumes. If volumes for subcutaneous or intramuscular injections exceed those suggested above, enzyme elevations [particularly alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] are frequently observed (unpublished results). Continuous infusion techniques in alert animals are available in some laboratories either through use of programmable backpack pumps or jacket-and-tether systems (Perkin and Stejskal, 1994). 

Varying concentrations of test material are injected into the muscle, using a constant dose volume to a maximum of 1 mL. 

Isoetharine Doses (Volume) Based on Strength of Solution ... 

Fig. 1. This example of a cumulative dose volume histogram (DVH) exemplifies the manner in which three dimensional treatment planning allows the radiation oncologist to ensure that the tumor receives the planned dose while limiting the dose of radiation received by the normal structures. In this example 100% of the gross tumor volume (GTV) receives 70 Gy whereas the dose received by any length of the spinal cord is less than 45 Gy.

However, many questions remain to be answered related to combined-modality therapies for LD-SCLC. These questions include What is the best chemotherapy regimen When should it be given , In what dose, volume, and fractionation of radiation should be administered What sequence (i.e., concurrent, sequential, or alternating) and time (i.e., cycle 1, 2, 3, or 4) should the radiation be given ... 

Graham MV, Purdy JA, Emami B, et al. Clinical dose-volume histogram analysis for pneumonitis after 3D treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999 45(2) 323-329. 

The food additive is normally administered by admixture with the diet. Additives intended for use with drinks may be dissolved in the drinking water. If the test substance is not stable in the food or water, or if the animals find the treated diet unappetizing, the additive may be given as a solution or suspension by oral gavage. If gavage administration is used, the dose volumes should be adjusted to body weight at least every 3 days. 

Example total dose volumes for intramuscular administration, with half of the total volume injected into each left and right muscle ... 

The gravimetric and volumetric methods involve dosing the sample with adsorbate the system subsequently comes to an equilibrium pressure which depends on the dosing volume, the isotherm shape, and the quantity of adsorbent. The continuous flow method produces data at the concentration of adsorbate in the flow stream. Therefore, the exact position of the data point can be chosen. 

Human 7yre Reap 0.006 M (mcrease in % dosing volume) AJeKanderteoo et Bi 1967 HOIt ... 

Strength Strength is the concentration of the drug substance (for example, weight/weight, weight/volume, or unit dose/volume basis), and/or the potency. 

Hetastarch (Hespan) [Plasma Volume Expander] Uses Plasma volume expansion adjunct in shock leukophoresis Action Synthetic colloid acts similar to albumin Dose Volume expansion 500-1000 mL (1500 mL/d max) IV (20 mL/kg/h max rate) Leukapheresis 250-700 mL X- in renal failure Caution [C, +] Contra Severe bleeding disorders, CHF, oliguric/anuric renal failure Disp Inj SE Bleeding (T PT, PTT, bleed time) EMS Observe for anaphylactic Rxns OD Unlikely but may cause fluid overload in susceptible pts... 

Since different animal species were used in various stages of compound evaluations, it is essential to understand the limitations of various animal species and dosing routes. Table 7.3 lists the typical dosing volumes for various routes and animal species. 

Typical Dosing Volumes of Formulations in Various Animal Species and through Various Routes of Administration (Diehl et alv 2001 and Neervannan, 2006)... 

Animal Nominal Route of Ideal Dose Volume ... 

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