Epileptic children

B29. Buchanan, R. A., and Allen, R.. 7., Diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin) and pheno-barbital blood levels in epileptic children. Neurology 21, 866-871 (1971). 

Cepelak, L, Zanic Grubisic, T, Mandusic, A., Rekic, B., and Lenicek, J. (1998) Valproate and carbamazepine comedication changes hepatic enzyme activities in sera of epileptic children. Clin Chim Acta 276 121-127. 

Groh, C. (1976) The psychotropic effect of Tegretol in non-epileptic children, with particular reference to the drug s indications. In ... 

Liu, H. and Delgado, M.R. (1994) The influence of polytherapy on the telationships between setum catbamazepine and its metabolites in epileptic children. Epilepsy Res 17 257-269. 

Sozuer, D.T., Atakil, D., Dogu, O., Baybas, S., and Arpaci, B. (1997) Serum lipids in epileptic children treated with carbamazepine and valproate. Eur J Pediatr 156 565—567. 

Verrotti A, Basciani F, Morresi S, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Thyroid hormones in epileptic children receiving carbamazepine and valproic acid. Pediatr Neurol 2001 25(l) 43-6. 

Bosnak M, Dikici B, Haspolat K, Dagli A, Dikici S. Do epileptic children treated with valproate have a risk of excessive weight gain J Child Neurol 2003 18 306. 

The first report of abnormal manganese concentrations in human epileptics was published in 1967 and indicated high serum manganese concentrations in epileptics compared to non-epileptic controls (4). The authors were apparently unaware of the previous animal work that demonstrated a link between manganese deficiency and increased susceptibility to seizure. It was not until 1978 that Tanaka ( 5) presented data indicating that whole blood manganese concentrations were lower in epileptic children than in control children of similar age. A year later Papavasiliou and coworkers (6) in a study of 52... 

Despite normal plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate values, the urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid was found abnormally elevated in 3 epileptic children with disturbed tryptophan metabolism (HO). Administration of pyridoxine restored xanthurenuria to normal and raised plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate levels. 

HO. Hagberg, B., Hamfelt, A., and Hansson, O., Epileptic children with disturbed tryptophan metabolism treated with vitamin Bg. Lancet i, 145 (1964). 

Orr JM, Abbott FS, Farrell K, Ferguson S, Sheppard I, Godolphin W. Interaction between valproic acid and aspirin in epileptic children serum protein binding and metabolic effects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982 31(5) 642-9. 

Verrotti A, Trotta D, Cutarella R, PascareUa R, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Effects of antiepUeptic drugs on evoked potentials in epileptic children. Pediatr Neurol 2000 23(5) 397 2. 

Aspartame can alter brain wave activity in epileptic children (18). It has been associated with seizures, but only anecdotally (19). 

Hedrick R, Williams F, Morin R, Lamb WA, Cate JC 4th. Carbamazepine-erythromycin interaction leading to car-bamazepine toxicity in four epileptic children. Ther Drug Monit 1983 5(4) 405-7. 

In a 12-month trial in 109 epileptic children randomized to monotherapy with phenobarbital (maintenance dosage 3.0 mg/kg/day) or phenytoin (5.0 mg/kg/day) in rural India there were no significant differences in either efficacy or toxicity (3). In particular, behavioral adverse effects were not more common with phenobarbital. The findings suggest that phenobarbital is an acceptable first-line agent for childhood epilepsy in rural settings in developing countries. 

Based on a retrospective investigation of theophylline-induced convulsions in epileptic children, it was concluded that infants under 1 year of age with epilepsy have a higher risk of theophylline-induced convulsions theophyUine should be avoided in this group (34). 

Many epileptics receiving anticonvulsants excrete increased amounts of copper and zinc in their urine. Increased serum ceruloplasmin also increases the total serum copper concentration. In 20% to 30% of epileptic children receiving anticonvulsant therapy, erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity is low, indicating a lowered pyridoxal (vitamin Bg) status. In as many as 50% of the adults receiving phenytoin for some time, there will be folate deficiency, manifested by reduced erythrocyte and serum folate concentrations. The mechanism for the deficiency has not yet been established conclusively. In about 10% of adults taking phenytoin, the serum vitamin is low. 

Deitmar JW, Rose CR. pH regulation and proton signaling by glial cells. Prog Neurobiol 1996 48 73-103. Dekaban AS. Plasma lipids in epileptic children treated with the high fat diet. Arch Neurol 1966 ... 

Davis et al. found that folate was not the only B group vitamin which was reduced in patients receiving treatment with anticonvulsant drugs (D4). In a study of 68 patients suffering from severe epileptic seizures they found that 18 patients had a low folate, 10 a low serum pyridoxal, and in 15 both the folate and pyridoxal were reduced. Only two patients in this series had a reduced erythrocyte folate, and this is in accord with the infrequency with which a macrocytic anemia is seen in these patients. All the patients in this series had a normal hemoglobin concentration and a normal mean corpuscular volume. However, in a study of 75 epileptic children Maxwell (M3) found both the serum and erythrocyte folate levels to be reduced in 60% and similar observations have been made by other workers (M4, N2). 

Lanchote, V.L. Bonato, P.S. Campos, G.M. Rodrigues, I. Factors influencing plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,ll-epoxide in epileptic children and adults. Ther.DrugMonit, 1995, 17, 47-52... 

Liu, H. Delgado, N.R. Improved therapeutic monitoring of drug interactions in epileptic children using carbamazepine polytherapy. Ther.Drug Monit., 1994, 16, 132-138 [column temp 40 simultaneous metabolites]... 

Two epileptic children taking phenobarbital 40 mg daily did not respond to long-term treatment for tinea eapitis with griseofulvin 125 mg three times daily until the barbiturate was withdrawn. ... 

Liu H, Delgado MR. Interactions of phenobarbital and phei ftoin witii carbamazepine and its metabolites concentrations, concentration ratios, and level/dose ratios in epileptic children. Epilepsia (1995) 36, 249-54. 

Voudris K, Mastroyianni S, Skardoutsou A, Katsarou E, Mavrommatis P. Disabling tremor in epileptic children receiving sodium valproate after addition of lamotrigine. P2197. EurJ Neurol(2003) 10(Suppl. 1), 180. 

The serum phenytoin levels of 8 epileptic children were increased by about 50%, from 9.5 to 15.16 micrograms/mL, 7 days after they were given 0.5 mL of an influenza virus vaccine USP, types A and B, whole virus (Squibb). The phenytoin levels returned to baseline over the following 7 days. Temporary rises in the serum phenytoin levels of 3 patients, apparently caused by influenza vaccination, are briefly described in another report. ... 

Hunter J, Maxwell JD, Stewart DA, Parson V, Williams R. Altered calcium metabolism in epileptic children on anticonvulsants. BMJ (1971) 4,202-4. 

Artemowicz, B, Sobaniec, W (2005) Neuroprotection possibilities in epileptic children. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst, 50 (Suppl l) 91-95. 

Mineral balance In an open study in 63 epileptic children taking carbamazepine, topir-amate, or no drug treatment [116 ], serum calcium concentration was 2.15 mmol/1 with carbamazepine, 2.41 mmol/1 with topira-mate, and 2.26 mmol/1 in the controls. There were no significant differences in serum alkaline phosphatase activities. Bom mineral density was significantly reduced by both topiramate and carbamazepine compared with the controls. 

Yildiz M, Simsek G, Uzun H, Uysal S, Sahin S, Balci H. Assessment of low-density lipoprotein oxidation, paraoxonase activity, and arterial distensibility in epileptic children who were treated with anti-epileptic drugs. Cardiol Young 2010 20(5) 547-54. 

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