Environmental water compounds

The results showed that the compounds studied with more frequency in the aquatic environment, and of which, logically, there is more information, are the antibiotics, analgesics and anti-inflammatories (like diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetylsalicylic acid, and paracetamol), as well as the p-blocker atenolol. In the category of antibiotics, several families are included, like the macrolides (erythromycin), the fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin), sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole), penicillins (amoxicillin), the metronidazol, and trimethoprim. Other therapeutic groups also widely studied and frequently found in the environmental waters are the lipid regulators (gemfibrozil and bezafibrat), antiepileptic carbamaze-pine, and antidepressants (diazepam, fluoxetine, paroxetine) (see Table 3). 

Concentrations of inorganic tin and organotin compounds in some environmental waters in the USA are shown in Table 942. 

Schebe and coworkers62 also reported experimental results on concentration of methyltin and butyltin compounds in environmental waters and sediment samples. 

Chakraborti and coworkers117 surveyed ionic alkyllead compounds in environmental water and sediments collected at an artificial lake within the University of Antwerp campus, and in rivers and the sea in Belgium. In the lake water, abundance of the species is in the order PbMe3+ > PbEt3+ > PbEt2+, PbMe2+, while in the river, the order is reversed. 

Once estrogens and progestagens have reached the waterways, a series of processes, such as, photolysis, biodegradation, and sorption to bed-sediments, can contribute to their elimination from the environmental water. Given the relatively low polarity of these compounds, with octanol-water partition coefficients mostly between 103 and 105, sorption to bed-sediments appears to be a likely process. Kd values calculated for estriol, norethindrone, and progesterone in a Spanish river (479,128, and 204, respectively) as the ratio between the sediment concentration (ng kg-1) and the water concentration (ng L 1) indicate that, in fact, these compounds exhibit a general tendency to accumulate in sediments. 

In STP effluents, total extractable estrogens and conjugates have been detected at levels up to 1 /jg/L [9,11,26]. Despite the wide variability in terms of removal efficiency reported for different WWTPs, a general trend has been observed with respect to the identity of the compounds most frequently detected in WWTP effluents. Thus, of the various compounds most commonly monitored - namely, estradiol, its metabolites estriol and estrone, and the synthetic estrogen ethynylestradiol - estrone is the most ubiquitous both in WWTP effluents and in environmental waters in general, while the most potent estrogens estradiol and ethynylestradiol have only occasionally been detected [26,40-42]. As for the conjugates, the very few studies that have attempted their determination pointed out estrone sulfates as the most abundant, while glu-curonides are most often found below the limit of detection [26,36,38,39]. 

LLE has been used in the past for the extraction of pesticides from environmental water samples [17]. However, its application in the extraction of waste-water samples is scarce due to the low efficiency of extraction, especially for polar analytes. Because of the vast amount of surfactants and natural products present in wastewater samples, emulsions are formed which complicate the process of extraction and lead to low extraction recoveries. However, there have been some useful applications of LLE to wastewater analyses. For example, LLE was found to be effective for the isolation of herbicide and pesticide organic compounds from industrial wastewater samples and also from complex matrices [18]. 

By the nature of its content, with contributions from experienced practitioners, the book aims to serve as a practical reference for researchers, post docs, PhD-students and postgraduates as well as risk assessors working on surfactants in environmental laboratories, environmental agencies, the surfactant industry, the water industry and sewage treatment facilities. Each chapter includes extensive references to the literature and also contains detailed investigations. The broad spectrum of the book and its application to environmental priority compounds makes it unique in many ways. 

Two independent analytical methods—LC-MS-MS and 19F-NMR— for the determination of perfluorinated anionic surfactants in environmental water samples were presented. Perfluorinated alkanesulfonates and perfluorocarboxylates were determined qualitatively and quantitatively because of an accidental release of perfluorosurfactant contaminated fire-fighting foam [55]. Ci8-SPE was applied for concentration of the compounds from water samples. Methanol was used for elution prior to ESI-LC-MS(—) analysis. The negatively recorded LC-MS-MS TIC for the determination of PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, perfluor-oheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA internal standard) in water samples was presented [55]. 

Compounds bearing the functional groups of the present chapter are usually analyzed for the characteristic N heteroatom and less frequently for O. In this section some recent advances in the analysis of these heteroatoms are presented. A critical review appeared of the analysis of the nutrient elements C, N, P and Si, and their speciation in environmental waters, including sample collection and preservation, sample preparation and methods for end analysis5. 

Puig D, Barcelo D. 1996. Comparison of different sorbent materials for on-line liquid-solid extraction followed by liquid chromatographic determination of priority phenolic compounds in environmental waters. J Chromatogr 733 371-381. 

Ions of organic and inorganic chemicals are not sampled by SPMDs because charged species are hydrophilic and are essentially insoluble in nonpolar LDPE. Water qnality variables, snch as pH and salinity (Huckins et al., 1999), may affect the dissolved concentrations of some compounds in environmental waters (e.g., the residne concentrations of organic compounds with p/faS > 4 and < 9). 

The most desirable choice, of course, would be water, since it has essentially no harmful effects on humans or the environment. The problem is that most organic substances do not dissolve in water. One of the most exciting alternatives with promise for use in organic syntheses, however, is another widely available and environmentally benign compound, carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide used in organic reactions exists in a phase not generally familiar to most people, the supercritical phase. 

There are a number of environmentally significant compounds that undergo a reaction while moving through the water-side, concentration boundary layer, such that the flux rate is altered. If the flux rate is altered, then the apparent rate coefficient is also affected. Typical examples would be the compounds that react with... 

Table 8.4 Environmentally significant compounds that react with water...

What is meant by the term water solubility or aqueous solubility of a given compound What is the range of aqueous solubilities encountered when dealing with environmentally relevant compounds ... 

Environmental Waters and Waste Waters. This medium is multi-phasic and covers a wide range of constituents, including aqueous and nonaqueous liquids and dissolved and suspended solids. The protocol (Figure 3) is limited to solvent-extractable organic compounds however, not all compounds will be recoverable and/or stable under the protocol s methods. An overall scheme was developed and incorporated in the protocol to link the variety of components of this medium to the other protocols. 

MC Hennion, P Scribe. Sample handling strategies for the analysis of organic compounds from environmental water samples. In Barcelo D, ed. Environmental Analysis. Techniques, Applications and Quality Assurance. Amsterdam Elsevier, 1998, pp 24-78. 

Tanabe, A. and K. Kawata (2004). Determination of triazine pesticides and related compounds in environmental water by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analyt. Sci., 20 227-230. 

Heisterkamp, M., DeSmaele, T., Candelone, J.E, Moens, L., Dams, R. and Adam, F.C. (1997) Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry hyphenated to capillary gas chromatography as a detection system for the speciation of organolead compounds in environmental waters./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 12, 1077-1081. 

---