Alkyllead compounds

G. Gastello, Gas-chromatographic determination of alkyllead compounds in aromatic-based fuels , Chim. Ind. 51 700-704 (1969). 

Chakraborti D, DeJonghe WRA, Mol WE, et al. 1984. Determination of ionic alkyllead compounds in water by gas chromatography/atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 56 2692-2697. 

CremerJE. 1965. Toxicology and biochemistry of alkyllead compounds. Occup Health Res 17 14-19. 

There is increasing interest in the preparation of mixed alkyllead compounds or alkylplumbanes involving functional groups. 

Insertion of thienyl or furyl groups into alkyllead compounds can be carried out using organolithium reagents. Thus, organolead(IV) tricarboxylates can be prepared as follows via tin(IV) precursors ... 

Wong and coworkers118 analyzed fish and other environmental samples (clam, macrophytes, sediments and waters) from areas upstream and downstream from alkyllead manufacturing sites beside the St. Lawrence and St. Clair Rivers, Ontario, and found a clear indication of elevated alkyllead levels in samples near the industries. Most species of fish contained alkyllead compounds with tetraethyllead and triethyllead as the predominant forms. Most fish from the contaminated areas contained 70% or more of the total lead as alkyllead. Average alkyllead levels varied from year to year but declined steadily after 1981. For example, the mean value of alkyllead in carp from the St. Lawrence River decreased from 4207 H g kg-1 in 1981 to 2000 H g kg-1 in 1982 and to 49 Xg kg 1 in... 

Chakraborti and coworkers117 surveyed ionic alkyllead compounds in environmental water and sediments collected at an artificial lake within the University of Antwerp campus, and in rivers and the sea in Belgium. In the lake water, abundance of the species is in the order PbMe3+ > PbEt3+ > PbEt2+, PbMe2+, while in the river, the order is reversed. 

Chau and coworkers133 investigated the bioaccumulation of alkyllead compounds from water and from contaminated sediments by freshwater mussels, Elliptio complanata. Higher levels of trimethyllead than triethyllead species were accumulated after the same exposure period. In vivo transformation of the trialkyllead species by a series of dealkylation reactions giving dialkyllead and inorganic lead(II) species appears to take place. Rates of accumulation are higher for the more contaminated sediments133. 

Tetraethyllead was used in the past as an antiknock agent in gasoline, but it has been phased out in most countries. Alkyllead compounds have a detergent-like activity on liposomes and black lipid membranes [232], Tributyllead destroys planar lipid membranes at lower concentrations than tripropyllead, which is again more effective than triethyl- and trimethyllead [232]. Inorganic lead compounds like lead acetate and lead nitrate were effective only at twice as high concentrations [232]. 

Table 13.4 Concentration of alkyllead compounds in drainage grid sediments... 

Using these procedures Potter et al. [15] found appreciable quantities alkyllead compounds in some samples of drainage grid sediments (Table 13.4). No alkyllead compounds were detected in the filtered water from any of these sediment samples. 

Chau et al. [16-19] in a series of papers issued between 1979 and 1984 discussed various methods for the determination of alkyllead compounds in sediments. 

Determination of the ionic forms of alkyllead compounds is difficult because of the incomplete extraction of the dimethyl and trimethyl species from sample matrices. Recently a chelation extraction method followed by derivatization to their butyl homologues has overcome all the previous difficulties to achieve quantitative extraction of the dialkyl- and trialkyllead (R=Me, Et) from water samples at nanogram levels [f 8]. 

Chau et al. [19] have described the optimum conditions for extraction of alkyllead compounds from sediments originating in non-saline waters and in saline waters [16]. Analyses of some environmental samples revealed for the... 

The procedure [16] discussed in section 13.2.2.1 for the determination of alkyllead compounds in non-saline sediments has also been applied to marine sediments. Recoveries from sediments ranged from 94% for triethyllead to 111% for trimethyllead in the range l-20pg alkyllead spiked to lg of sediment. An average standard deviation of 4% for trimethyllead and triethyllead and 15% for dialkylead compounds was obtained. 

Blais, J.-S. and Marshall, W.D. (1989) Determination of ionic alkyllead compounds in water, soil and sediment by high-performance liquid chromatography-quartz tube atomic absorption spectrometry./. Anal. At. Spectrom., 4, 271-277. 

Hewitt, C.N. and Metcalfe, RJ. (1989) Sampling of gaseous alkyllead compounds using cryotrapping validation and field results. Sci. Total Environ., 84, 211-221. 

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