Environmental studies culture

Nichols PD, Skerratt JH, Davidson A, Burton H, McMeekin TA (1991) Lipids of cultured Phaeocystis pouchetii signatures for food-web, biogeochemical and environmental studies in Antarctica and the Southern-Ocean. Phytochemistry 30 3209-3214... 

Microbial Culture Collection at the National Institute of Environmental Studies - NIES mcc.nies.go.jp... 

Taken together, these studies suggest how the ability of PEG-containing PUs to reduce bacterial adhesion can have variable degree of success depending on PEG molecular weight, bacterial species involved, and environmental factors (culture medium). 

Collect and validate information on organizational risk factors by studying culture, management style, business climate, financial conditions, and the availability of internal and external resources in order to evaluate safety, health, environmental, and security risk. 

This book will be of interest to students and scholars of sociology, human and cultural geography, environmental studies, consumption studies, science and technology studies, design, and political theory. 

The use of protoplasts in studies of stress physiology and biochemistry expands the advantages of cell culture systems discussed in the preceding sections. Additional applications are related to the fusion of protoplasts. Intraspecifie and interspecific protoplast fusion greatly enhance genetic variability of the fused protoplasts (Kumar Cocking, 1987). The resulting somatic hybrids provide cells which can be used for selection of specific traits (e.g. environmental stress tolerance) provided by one or both donor cells and for basic studies on cytoplasmic and nuclear inheritance of desired characteristics. 

The literature is less extensive on the use of protoplasts in stress-tolerance investigations however, some applications have been attempted. For example, in one study protoplasts were isolated from the leaves of a wild relative of tomato shown to be salt tolerant and from a salt-sensitive, cultivated species (Rosen Tal, 1981). In the presence of NaCI the plating efficiency (number of surviving cells/number of cells applied to the plate) of the wild relative was greater than the cultivated, sensitive cultivar. Proline, when added to the culture media, was found to enhance the plating efficiency of the salt-sensitive cultivar but not the wild, salt-tolerant relative. These results suggest that traits related to salt tolerance are expressed by the isolated protoplasts and that the response of protoplasts to environmental stress can be manipulated, i.e. the proline response. 

Some investigations have used metabolically stable enrichment cultures that are particle free to study biotransformation. These are preferable to the use of sediment slurries even thongh these may be environmentally realistic, and there are several important reasons ... 

Laboratory experiments using natural consortia under defined conditions have particular value from several points of view. They are of direct environmental relevance, and their use minimizes the ambiguities in extrapolation from the results of studies with pure cultures. They provide valuable verification of the results of studies with pure cultures and make it possible to evaluate the extent to which the results of such studies may justifiably be extended to the natural environment. It should be appreciated, however, that in some cases the habitats from which the inoculum was taken might already have been exposed to xenobiotics so that natural enrichment (preexposure) could already have taken place. This has been discussed in Chapter 4. 

NoV are readily transferred from hands to fomites and vice versa (Bidawid et al., 2004 D Souza et al., 2006). The pronoimced environmental stability of NoV particles also contributes to the spread of outbreaks from point sources of surface contamination. All stability studies have made use of surrogate organisms to model NoV response to conditions, since the human virus is not easily grown in cell culture (Duizer et al., 2004b Straub et al., 2007). The murine norovirus (MNV) and the feline calicivirus (FCV) have both been used, with the mouse virus providing more... 

The ability to change and control the composition of the nutrient solution and the relatively small size of the microcosms used enables manipulation of environmental variables and time-course studies of rhizodeposition to be made relatively easily. The influence of nutrient availability, mechanical impedance, pH, water availability, temperature, anoxia, light intensity, CO2 concentration, and microorganisms have all been examined within a range of plant species (9). A few examples to illustrate the continued interest in examining the effect of such variables on rhizodeposition in nutrient culture are given in Table 1. 

Genotoxic Effects. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of lead in humans has focused on evaluations of lymphocytes from occupationally or environmentally exposed persons (Table 2-10) and in vitro studies of structural chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange in cultures of lymphocytes taken from healthy individuals (Table 2-11). Results of studies with human lymphocyte cultures exposed in vitro to lead acetate were nearly equally divided between positive (Beek and Obe 1974 Niebuhr and Wulf 1984) and negative (Beek and Obe 1975 Deknudt and Deminatti 1978 Gasiorek and Bauchinger 1981 Schmid etal. 1972). 

Sens DA West Virginia University, North Morgantown, WV Validation of cultured human proximal tubule cells as a model for the study of human metal-induced nephropathies National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences... 

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