Environmental regulations, effects

If extra treatment capacity is not cost effective another option may be to handle the produced water differently. The water treatment process is defined by the production stream and disposal specifications. If disposal specifications can be relaxed less treatment will be required or, a larger capacity of water could be treated. It is unlikely that environmental regulators will tolerate an increase in oil content, but if much of the... 

Corrosion inhibitors are substances which slow down or prevent corrosion when added to an environment in which a metal usually corrodes. Corrosion inhibitors are usually added to a system in small amounts either continuously or intermittently. The effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors is partiy dependent on the metals or alloys to be protected as well as the severity of the environment. For example, the main factors which must be considered before apphcation of a corrosion inhibitor to an aqueous system are the compatibility of the inhibitor and the metal(s), the salt concentration, the pH, the dissolved oxygen concentration, and the concentration of interfering species such as chlorides or metal cations. In addition, many inhibitors, most notably chromates, are toxic and environmental regulations limit use. Attention is now being given to the development of more environmentally compatible inhibitors (37). 

The demand for environment-friendly fuels requires the removal of organosulfur compounds present in crade-oil fractions. SO2 or SO3 contribute to the formation of acid rain and have an effect on pollution control devices [9]. Very stringent environmental regulations will limit the sulfur levels in diesel fuels in EU to less than 10 ppm by the end of 2010 [10]. The conventional sulfur-compound... 

Nigeria has as well its Harmful Wastes Act, which, rather than listing banned substances, broadly bans materials by their effects, defining such materials as those which ... subject a person to risk of death or... incurable impairment. Trading in such can be punished by life imprisonment [39]. Nigeria s more recent National Environmental Regulations (Electronics Sector) explicitly prohibits unusable electronic goods [40]. 

The most cost-effective, technically feasible remediation procedures are not always in agreement with regulatory controls. Environmental regulations, by their very nature, must be applicable for a wide variety of settings and must protect the overall environment. In past years remediation standards were established as general numerical concentrations usually based on drinking water standards or other health-related criteria borrowed from related public health fields. This type of remediation was often generic, not site specific. 

As costs of precombustion hydrodesulphurisation and post combustion flue gas clean-up have escalated and as environmental regulations have further limited the sulphur dioxide emission rates, there has been a growing interest in technology designed to effect fuel desulphurisation during the combustion process. Desulphurisation during fluidised bed combustion of coal has been a leading technique in these developments. 

Khogeer (2005) developed an LP model for multiple refinery coordination. He developed different scenarios to experiment with the effect of catastrophic failure and different environmental regulation changes on the refineries performance. This work was developed using commercial planning software (Aspen PIMS). In his study, there was no model representation of the refineries systems or clear simultaneous representation of optimization objective functions. Such an approach deprives the study of its generalities and limits the scope to a narrow application. Furthermore, no process integration or capacity expansions were considered. 

The Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) report Intolerable Risk Pesticides in Our Children s Food focused on the increased risk of the adverse effects of pesticides on children. This was in part because of the smaller size of the child relative to the adult and because of different food consumption practices. Relative to their size, children eat, drink, and breathe more than adults in part because they are growing. The use and regulation of pesticides illustrate the complexities of risk analysis and risk management and the difficulties in determining an acceptable level of exposure with acceptable risks. In the United States approximately 1 billion pounds of pesticides (with about 600 different active ingredients) are used annually in the agricultural sector, and worldwide approximately 4 billion pounds are used. There are a range of human health and environmental health effects associated with the use of pesticides. 

The Effects of Health and Environmental Regulation on Technological Change in the Chemical Industry Theory and Evidence... 

He has advised the South Africa government on water markets and his research interests focus on international environmental regulations. He is particularly interested in the effects ofpressures from Western politicians and Green activists to impose first-world environmental policies on developing countries. 

Because there is no risk-free world and resources are limited, society must set priorities based on cost-effectiveness in order to save the most lives.56 The EPA projected in 1991 that the cost to society of U.S. environmental regulations in 1997 would be about US 140 billion per year (about 2.6 percent of gross national prod-... 

The German Environmental Specimen Bank, initiated in 1985, annually samples and archives specimens to determine the effectiveness of environmental regulations and to conduct retrospective monitoring (European Commission 2004). The bank collects six types of human specimens— whole blood, blood plasma, scalp hair, pubic hair, saliva, and 24-hour urine samples from people 20-29 years old in four cities (Munster, Halle/ Saale, Greifswald, and Ulm). Screening is conducted to determine the pres-... 

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