Capacity expansion

Cerebral edema occurs in response to a wide variety of insults, including ischemia, hypoxia, infection, and noninfectious inflammation. Shifts in brain water, which is the basis of the cellular swelling, are due to osmotic forces, and result in increases in intra- and extracellular spaces. A reasonable amount of tissue swelling can be tolerated in most parts of the body, however, the restrictions imposed by the rigid tentorium and bony skull cause life-threatening herniation with relatively small increases in the brain compartments. Two early anatomists, Monroe (1733-1817) and Kellie (1758-1829), recognized that increased intracranial pressure due to swelling in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, or brain tissue compartments could increase intracranial pressure the concept of limited expansion capacity of the intracranial contents is called the Monroe-Kellie doctrine. 

The expansion capacity up to low foam densities can be influenced by the concentration of the pentane in the beads. Normally, 6-7 wt % pentane is used in standard EPS types and less than 3.5 % in so-called low-pentane types [28]. The thermogram from the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of EPS beads shows only one glass transition temperatures ( Tg), indicating the state of chemical solution of polystyrene in pentane. Tg falls by around 7 °C per wt % pentane [29]. 

Gandikota, S., and E MacRitchie. 2005. Expansion capacity of doughs Methodology and applications. Journal of Cereal Science 42 157-163. 

An oil storage tank is to be designed to hold 1000 litres. What expansion capacity should be provided in the system if the temperature is expected to rise by 100°F ... 

The average value of coefficient of expansion of oils has been accepted as 0.000348 per degree F. On this basis, the expansion capacity to be provided... 

The apparatus consists of a tube T (Fig. 76) usually of total height about 75 cm. the upper portion of the tube has an internal diameter of about I cm., whilst the lower portion is blown out as shown into a bulb of about 100 ml. capacity. Near the top of T is the delivery-tube D of coarse-bored capillary, bent as shown. The tube T is suspended in an outer glass jacket J which contains the heating liquid this jacket is fitted around T by a split cork F which has a vertical groove cut or filed m the side to allow the subsequent expansion of the air in J. The open end of the side-arm D can be placed in a trough W containing water, end a tube C, calibrated in ml. from the top downwards, can be secured ts shown over the open end of D. 

Two convenient forms of bath are shown ui Fig. 11,10, 2, a and 6. The former consists of a long-necked, round-bottomed flask (a longnecked Kjeldahl flask of 100 ml. capacity is quite satisfactory) supported by means of a clamp near the upper part of the neck. The thermometer is fltted through a cork, a section of the cork being cut away (see inset) so that the thermometer scale is visible and also to allow free expansion of the air in the apparatus. The bulb is about three-quarters filled with... 

Supply and demand statistics for 1988 for all regions of the wodd as compiled by SRI International are given in Table 5. The wodd producers of acetal resins and their aimual capacities are Hsted in Table 6 (29). Hoechst Celanese and Ultraform Corporation (a joint venture of Degussa and BASF) have aimounced capacity expansions in the United States to 77,000 t and 16,000 t, respectively both were due in place in 1990. Part of general capacity expansion plans, aimounced by Du Pont for completion in 1991, are beHeved to apply to acetal resins. 

World Capacity, Production, and Consumption. Current and future world capacity, based on aimounced new plants and expansions, and 1987 production and consumption data are shown in Table 7 (38). Consumption of acetone is expected to grow at a rate of about 2% aimually until... 

Current and projected future capacity based on aimounced new plants and expansions. 

Presently, worldwide refined acrolein nameplate capacity is about 113,000 t/yr. Degussa has announced a capacity expansion in the United States by... 

Because of projected nylon-6,6 growth of 4—10% (167) per year in the Far East, several companies have announced plans for that area. A Rhc ne-Poulenc/Oriental Chemical Industry joint venture (Kofran) announced a 1991 startup for a 50,000-t/yr plant in Onsan, South Korea (168,169). Asahi announced plans for a 15,000-t/yr expansion of adipic acid capacity at their Nobeoka complex in late 1989, accompanied by a 60,000-t/yr cyclohexanol plant at Mizushima based on their new cyclohexene hydration technology (170). In early 1990 the Du Pont Company announced plans for a major nylon-6,6 complex for Singapore, including a 90,000-t/yr adipic acid plant due to start up in 1993 (167). Plans or negotiations for other adipic acid capacity in the area include Formosa Plastics (Taiwan) (171) and BASF-Hyundai Petrochemical (South Korea) (167). Adipic acid is a truly worldwide... 

Chlorine Capacity. In 1982 U.S. chlorine capacity reached a record high of 36,864 t/day (13.2 million tons per year) as shown in Eigure 1. After 1982, decreased chlorine demand lowered market prices and some producers discontinued production, so that capacity dropped to 31,888 t/day in 1987 (5). Expansion to meet demand led to an increased capacity in March of 1989 of 32,550 t/day (11.1 x 10 t/yr). 

In 1989 chlorine was produced by 25 companies at 52 locations in the United States (Table 4). Approximately half of these plants are located in the Southeast (Eig. 2). Two companies, Dow Chemical USA and Occidental Chemical Corporation, accounted for 54.3% of the total operating capacity the top five companies accounted for 77.5%. Although 0.8 million tons per year of chlorine capacity is presendy idle (Table 4), announced expansions are expected to bring an additional 660,000 t of new chlorine capacity onstream by 1992, increasing total capacity by about 6%/yr (Table 5). 

Whereas new appHcations of lithium compounds were developed, commercial growth was slow. In 1953 worldwide sales of lithium products, expressed as lithium carbonate, were only ca 1000 metric tons (2). In 1954 the U.S. lithium industry underwent a sudden, very large expansion when the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission required large amounts of lithium hydroxide [1310-65-2] for its nuclear weapons program (see Nuclearreactors). Three domestic producers built 4500-t/yr plants to meet contract commitments with the U.S. government. When these government contracts ended in 1960, capacity exceeded demand and several operations were discontinued. 

It shows concisely the existing vendor capacities for the raw material, planned expansions or new producers, demands for other uses, and demand within the analyst s company. In some cases, the report includes a wodd supply and demand balance. A key objective of a purchase profile report is to make the buyer as well informed as the marketing manager of the seller. If this is achieved, the buyer can often secure a beneficial purchase contract. 

Cooling. A compression refrigeration system, driven by an electric motor, suppHes cooling for either direct expansion or ice bank systems (Fig. 12). In the former, the milk is cooled by the evaporator (cooling cods) on the bulk tank liner opposite the milk side of the liner. The compressor must have the capacity to cool the milk as rapidly as it enters the tank. 

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