Environmental protection ecosystems

Holm HW, Kollig HP, Proctor LM, etal. 1982. Laboratory ecosystems for studying chemical fate An evaluation using methyl parathion. Athens, GA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. EPA-600/S3-82/020. 

A. I. Popov and O. G. Chertov, On humic substances as a direct nutritive component of plant-soil trophic system. The Role of Humic Substances in the Ecosystems and in Environmental Protection ( J. Drozd, S. S. Gonet, N. Senesi, and J. Weber, eds.), Polish Society of Humic Substances, Wroclaw, 1997, p. 993. 

The human and environmental protection goals in EUSES are human populations (workers, consumers, and man exposed via the environment) and ecological systems (micro-organisms in sewage treatment systems, aquatic ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, sediment ecosystems, and predators). Repeated dose toxicity, fertility toxicity, maternal toxicity, developmental toxicity, carcinogenic risk, and lifetime cancer risk can be calculated for the cases that literature data is available. 

The continuous determination of compounds, which may adversely affect ecosystems and/or human health, is a major regulative and legislative goal of environmental protection nowadays. Considering the costs and efforts related to this task corroborates a clear demand for portable, real-time, in-situ, field applicable and cost-effective monitoring techniques. Due to their inherent properties, vibrational spectroscopic sensors, in particular fibre-optic sensors show a high potential to contribute to these applications. 

The critical load concept is intended to achieve the maximum economic benefit from the reduction of pollutant emissions since it takes into account the estimates of differing sensitivity of various ecosystems to acid deposition. Thus, this concept is considered to be an alternative to the more expensive BAT (Best Available Technologies) concept (Posch et al., 1996). Critical load calculations and mapping allow the creation of ecological-economic optimization models with a corresponding assessment of minimum financial investments for achieving maximum environmental protection. 

As to assessment of ecosystem impacts, the proposed integration model implies using formal EcoRA methodology. The general EcoRA framework suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency is depicted in Figure 2. It is similar to schemes followed by other counties. 

EPA. 1987a. Exposure analysis modeling system (EXAMSII). Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling, Ecosystems Research Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Athens, GA. 

Also, in the 1990s, the Environmental Protection Agency began to focus on pollution prevention. The idea was to cut pollution using natural ecosystems as a model. Industrial systems should not be open-ended, dumping endless byproducts, but closed, as nature is, continuously cycling and recyling. This concept includes life cycle assessment (LCA) which considers ... 

Event 8 Chemical Spill—Oil. Ashland Oil Company, Inc., Floreffe, Pennsylvania (January 1988). The oil spill temporarily contaminated drinking water sources for an estimated 1 million people in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio contaminated river ecosystems killed wildlife damaged private property and adversely affected businesses in the area. More than 511,000 gallons of diesel fuel remain unrecovered and are presumed to be in the rivers (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2008). 

Kkkert. R. N.. P. R. MUler. O. C. Taylor, J. R. McBride. J. Barbieri, R. Arkley. F. Cobb, Jr., D. Dahlsten, W. W. WUcox. J. Wenz, J. R. Panneter, Jr., R. F. Luck, and M. White. Photochemical Air Pollutant Effects on Mixed Conifer Forest Ecosystems. A Progress Report. CERL-026. Contract No. 684)3-0273. Corvallis. Oregon Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [1976]. 275 pp. 

The emphasis on environmental protection in the last three decades, as industrial and economic growth gave birth to many forms of pollution threatening human health and Earth ecosystems, resulted in the growth of environmental catalysis. So, catalysts ate not only used to promote processes in the production field, but also to reduce the emissions of undesirable or hazardous compounds to the environment. For example, catalytic combustion has been proposed and developed as an effective method for controlling the emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. 

Hunt CD. 1986. Fate and bioaccumulation of soil-associated low-level naturally occurring radioactivity following disposal into a marine ecosystem. Washington, DC U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs. 

Wang, M. C., and Huang, P. M. (1997). Catalytic power of bimessite in abiotic formation of humic polycondensates from glycine and pyrogallol. In The Role of Humic Substances in the Ecosystems and in Environmental Protection, Proceedings, 8th Conference of the International Humic Substances Society, Drozl, J., Gonet, S. S., Senesi, N., and Webber, J., eds., Wroclaw, Poland, pp. 59-65. 

U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1999) A review of single species toxicity tests Are the tests reliable predictors of aquatic ecosystem community responses EPA/600/R-97/114, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Washington D.C., 58 pp. 

Digeronimo, M.J., Boethling, R.S., Alexander, M. (1979) Effect of chemical structure and concentration on microbial degradation in model ecosystems. In Microbial Degradation of Pollutants in Marine Environments. EPA-600/9-79-012. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL. 

Park RA] US Environmental Protection Agency. 1999. AQUATOX for Windows a modular toxic effects model for aquatic ecosystems [computer program], Washington (DC) US Environmental Protection Agency, http //www.epa.gov/ost/models/aquatox/ (accessed December 28, 2007). 

Lassiter, R.R., Modeling Dynamics of Biological and Chemical Components on Aquatic Ecosystems, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report No. EPA-660/3-75-012, Washington, D.C., 1975. 

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