Environmental chemistry atmosphere

Environmental Chemistry. Carbon dioxide plays a vital role ia the earth s environment. It is a constituent ia the atmosphere and, as such, is a necessary ingredient ia the life cycle of animals and plants. 

Atmospheric emissions of sulphur dioxide are either measured or estimated at their source and are thus calculated on a provincial or state basis for both Canada and the United States (Figure 2). While much research and debate continues, computer-based simulation models can use this emission information to provide reasonable estimates of how sulphur dioxide and sulphate (the final oxidized form of sulphur dioxide) are transported, transformed, and deposited via atmospheric air masses to selected regions. Such "source-receptor" models are of varying complexity but all are evaluated on their ability to reproduce the measured pattern of sulphate deposition over a network of acid rain monitoring stations across United States and Canada. In a joint effort of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service, eleven linear-chemistry atmospheric models of sulphur deposition were evaluated using data from 1980. It was found that on an annual basis, all but three models were able to simulate the observed deposition patterns within the uncertainty limits of the observations (22). 

Foreman WT, Majewski MS, Goolsby DA, et al. 1999. Atmospheric presence and deposition of modem-use pesticides in the midwestem United States. Division of Environmental Chemistry Preprints of Extended Abstracts 39(l) 440-442. 

FabianP. 1986. Halogenated hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. In Hutzinger O, ed. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 4. Part A. Berlin Springer-Verlag, 25. 

Benoit, J. M., Fitzgerald, W. F. Damman, A. W. H. 1998. The biogeochemistry of an ombrotrophic bog Evaluation of use as an archive of atmospheric mercury deposition. Environmental Research, 78, 118-133. Engstrom, D.R. Swain, E.B. 1997. Recent declines in atmospheric mercury deposition in the upper Midwest. Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 960-967. Engstrom, D.R., Swain, E.B., Henning, T.A., Brigham, M.E. Brezonik, P.L. 1994. Atmospheric Mercury Deposition to Lakes and Watersheds - a Quantitative Reconstruction from Multiple Sediment Cores. In Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and Reservoirs. 33-66. 

Malin G (1996) The role of DMSP and DMS in the global sulfur cycle and climate regulation. In Kiene RP, Visscher P, Keller M, Kirst GO (eds) Biological and environmental chemistry of DMSP and related sulfonium compounds. Plenum, New York, pp 177-189 Malin G (1997) Sulphur, climate and the microbial maze. Nature 387 857-859 Malin G, Kirst GO (1997) Algal production of dimethyl sulfide and its atmospheric role. J Phycol 33 889-896... 

SRC. 1995a. Syracuse Research Center. Atmospheric Oxidation Program (AOPWIN, version 1.65, serial 0156). Chemical Hazard Assessment Division, Environmental Chemistry Center, Syracuse, NY. 

Simoneit BRT, Atmospheric transport of terrestrial organic matter to the sea, in Volkman JK (ed.). The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 2, Part N, Marine Organic Matter Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 165-208, 2006. 

The papers in this volume were presented at the ACS symposium Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol Source/Air Quality Relationships sponsored by the Divisions of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology and Environmental Chemistry. This combination reflects the interdisciplinary nature of much of this work which draws from such diverse fields as nuclear chemistry, chemical and mechanical engineering, environmental science and engineering, and applied math. 

However, reactions of PAHs in ambient air to form more polar species (e.g., nitro-PAHs, ketones, quinones, lactones, and dicarboxylic acids) greatly enhance their solubilities in aqueous systems. This has major implications when one considers the distribution of PAHs, and their atmospherically formed PAC derivatives, through the air, water, and soil environments. These increases in solubility upon reaction are important not only from an environmental chemistry perspective but also in terms of possible impacts on public health and ecosystems, e.g., in both the exposure and the health effect... 

Arey, J., Atmospheric Reactions of PAHs Including Formation of Nitroarenes, in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, PAHs and Related Compounds (A. H. Neilson, Ed.), Vol. 3, Part I, pp. 347-385, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998a. 

Brasseur, G. P., F. Lefevre, and A. K. Smith, Chemical-Transport Models of the Atmosphere, in Perspectives in Environmental Chemistry (D. L. Macalady, Ed.), pp. 369-399, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1998. 

The hydroxyl radical is normally present only in low concentrations in the troposphere, as it reacts with further ozone to form the hydroperoxy radical HOO- which in turn gives hydrogen peroxide H202. Ozone, the hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide are the main oxidizing species in the troposphere, from the standpoint of environmental chemistry. The hydroxyl radical in particular performs an important function as a natural cleansing agent for the atmosphere.26 In elevated concentrations, however,... 

Faust, B. C., Aquatic photochemical reactions in atmospheric surface, and marine waters Influences on oxidant formation and pollutant degradation . In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 2, Part L, P. Boule, Ed., Springer, Berlin, 1999, pp. 101-122. 

Midgley, P.M. and McCulloch, A. (1999c) International regulations on halocarbons, in P. Fabian and O.N. Singh (eds.), Reactive Halogen Compounds in the Atmosphere, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 4E, Springer, Berlin, pp. 203-221. 

---