Environment persistent organic pollutants

In the environment, persistent organic pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons have been shown by TGA-GC-MS to exhibit a six- to tenfold increased partitioning to the water phase in an octanol-water solution in the presence of Xi02 nanoparticles, suggesting that the... 

POPs have been observed to persist in the environment and spread out over long distances. POPs can accumulate in human and animal tissue and become part of the human food chain. POPs have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment. Persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment attach to plastic debris, which then are consumed by marine animals, many of which are in the human food chain. The plastic pellets and fragments can transport toxic substances in the marine environment to animals and ultimately to humans (Rios et al. 2(X)7). 

One of the most known is the Stockholm Convention of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) which is signed by 151 countries [6]. The Stockholm Convention, which was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in year 2004, requires all parties to take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment. 

Zhao G, Xu Y, Li W, Han G, Ling B (2007) Prenatal exposures to persistent organic pollutants as measured in cord blood and meconium from three localities of Zhejiang, China. Sci Total Environ 377(2-3) 179-191. doi 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.02.006... 

Convention on Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal and 69 ratified the ban on all kinds of hazardous waste export from wealthy OECD-countries to non-OECD countries, large amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) are shipped overseas for recycling, the majority to China as reported by Brigden et al. [2] and Puckett et al. [3], lesser quantities to India and Western Africa reported by Kuper and Hojsik [4]. WEEE contains a variety of harmful substances like endocrine disruptors and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Additionally, hazardous substances may be formed during informal recycling. This often practised informal treatment without proper equipment for metal extraction and labour safety heavily affects the environment and human health of workers and the inhabitants of whole stretches of land. 

UN/EP, United Nations Environment Programme (2001) The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), http //www.pops.int... 

UNEP (2010) United Nations Environment Programme Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Geneva... 

Reid BJ, Jones KC, Semple KT (2000) Bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments - a perspective on mechanisms, consequences and assessment. Environ Pollut 108 103-112... 

The Stockholm Convention is a global treaty to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It was adopted on 22 May 2001 and entered into force on 17 May 2004. Official website .http //chm.pops.int/. 

Dachs J, Eisenreich SJ, Baker JE, Ko FC, Jeremiason JD (1999) Coupling of phytoplankton uptake and airwater exchange of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 33 3653-3660 Dachs J, Lohmann R, Ockenden WA, Mejanelle L, Eisenreich S, Jones KC (2002) Oceanic bio-geochemical controls on global dynamics of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 36 4229 1237... 

Wania F, Mackay D (1996) Tracking the distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 30(9) A390-A396... 

Beyer, A., Mackay, D., Matthies, M., Wania, F., Webster, E. (2000) Assessing long-range transport potential of persistent organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34,699-703. 

Sites near industrial areas in the Ebro have been found to have the highest concentration of priority contaminants [15, 47—49], while dispersion of agricultural products by drift, runoff and drainage has resulted in residues being found in ground-waters, rivers, coastal waters and lakes far from point sources [50]. Priority contaminants in aquatic environments include persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as dichlorodiphenylethylenes (DDT) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). 

Dutchak, S., Shatalov V., Mantseva, E., Rozovskaya, O., Vulykh, N., Fedyunin, M., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Mano, S. (2004). Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment. EMEP Status Report 3/2004. 

Proposals for the EU to press for nine hazardous substances to be banned or severely restricted under two international treaties on persistent organic pollutants were issued by the European Commission in August. The substances include polychlorinated naphthalenes and the flame retardant pentabromodiphenyl ether, concentrations of which were recently found to be rising in the Arctic environment and wildlife. 

Another piece of legislative action to be considered is the OSPAR strategy regarding hazardous substances, known as the Convention for the protection of the marine environment of North-Atlantic . Among the OSPAR list of chemicals of priority action, surfactants NPEOs and so-called related substances, such as NP, are included among other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like PCBs, PAHs and Hg, indicating that these compounds show a risk to the marine environment. 

Measurement and Assessment of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Hong Kong and Pearl River Delta Marine Environment (LAM Paul, China)... 

Harner, T. Farrar, N.J. Schoeib, M. Jones, K.C. Gobas, F.A.P.C. 2003, Characterization of polymer-coated glass as a passive air sampler for persistent organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 2486-2493. 

Shoeib, M. and Harner, T. 2002, Characterization and comparison of three passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants. Environ. Set Technol. 36 4142-4151. 

Wania, F Shen, L. Lei, Y.D. Teixeira, C. Muir, D.C.G. 2003, Development and calibration of a resin-based passive sampling system for monitoring persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 1352-1359. 

Lohman, R. Corrigan, B.P. Howsam, M. Jones, K.C. Ockenden, W.A. 2001, Further developments in the use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive air samplers for persistent organic pollutants Field application in a spatial survey of PCDD/Fs and PAHs. Environ. Sci. 

Hamer, T. Shoeib, M. Diamond, M. Stern, G. Rosenberg, B. 2004, Using passive air samplers to assess urban-mral trends for persistent organic pollutants. 1. Organochlorine pesticides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 4474 483. 

Ockenden, W.A. Sweetman, A.J. Prest, H.E Steinnes, E. Jones, K.C. 1998b, Toward an understanding of the global atmospheric distribution of persistent organic pollutants The use of semipermeable membrane devices as time-integrated passive samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 2795-2803. 

Zimmerman, L.R. Thurman, E.M. Bastian, K.C. 2000, Detection of persistent organic pollutants in the Mississippi Delta using semipermeable membrane devices. Sci.Total Environ. 248 169-179. 

Chlorinated micropoUutants are harmful for man and environment due to their toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulation. Persistent compounds are very stable and difficult to get metabolized and mineralized by biological and chemical processes in the environment, and as a result, they have become ubiquitous in water, sediments, and the atmosphere bioaccumulation is the result of the lipophilicity of these compounds. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) are not produced purposely like many of other chlorinated technical products, such as chlorinated biocides DDT, lindane, and toxaphene. The production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the dirty dozen has now been banned worldwide by the Stockholm protocol. It should be mentioned that about 3000 halogenated products have now been isolated as natural products in plants, microorganisms, and animals," but the total amount of these products is much smaller compared to xenobiotics. 

Kalantzi OI, Geens T, Covaci A, Siskos PA (2011) Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other persistent organic pollutants in human serum from Greece. Environ Int 37 349-353... 

Offenberg, J. H. Eisenreich, S. J. Chen, L. C. Cohen, M. D. Chee, G. Prophete, C. Weisel, C. Lioy, P. J. Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Dusts That Settled across Lower Manhattan after September 11, 2001. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 502-508. 

---