Environment chemical pollution

With the generally increasing concerns about the environment, chemical pollution, and green issues, GSK and other pharmaceutical and chemical companies have made significant efforts to incorporate sustainable business prachces and procedures in the manufacture of Ac live Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) used in pharmaceutical products. This has placed greater emphasis on the role of the process chemist as they seek to discover commercially viable and environmentally sustainable processes for the manufacture of the new medicines. 

Many chemical technologies that save lives or improve the quality of life in the short term have had a negative impact on the environment. Chemical pollution is often divided into gas, liquid, and solid waste materials. Additional technologies often exist remediate these effects and improve pollution. 

The marine environment is highly aggressive. Materials in marine service are constantly exposed to water, corrosive salts, strong sunlight, extremes in temperature, mechanical abuse, and chemical pollution in ports. This climate is very severe on ships, buoys, and navigational aids, offshore stmctures such as drilling platforms, and faciUties near the shore such as piers, locks, and bridges. 

Eisenberg JNS, McKone TE. 1998. Decision tree method for the classification of chemical pollutants Incorporation of across-chemical pollutants Incorporation of across-chemical variability and within-chemical uncertainty. Environ Sci Technol 32 3396-3404. 

Navas JM, Segner H. 1998. Antiestrogenic activity of anthropogenic and natural chemicals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 5(2) 75-82. 

Nicoara S, Culea M, Palibroda N, et al. 1994. Volatile organic chemical pollutants in laboratory indoor air. Indoor Environ 3 83-86. 

When the environment is polluted with chemicals, nature can work in four ways to clean it up ... 

Ritter, S., Hauthal, W.J., Maurer, G. (1995) Octanol/water partition coefficients for environmentally important organic chemicals. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2, 153-160. 

Parmelee, R.W., R.S. Wentsel, C.T. Phillips, M. Simini, and R.T. Checkai. 1993. Soil microcosm for testing the effects of chemical pollutants on soil fauna communities and trophic structure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12 1477-1486. 

Malins, D.C., B.B. McCain, D.W. Brown, S.L. Chan, M.S. Myers, J.T. Landahl, P.G. Prohaska, AJ. Friedman, D. Rhodes, D.G. Burrows, W.D. Gronlund, and H.O. Hodgins. 1984. Chemical pollutants in sediments and diseases of bottom-dwelling fish in Puget Sound, Washington. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 705-713. 

Environmentally hazardous projects are those where the risk of accidents is very high, which can result in a major and sometimes even catastrophic chemical pollution of the environment. Frequently, these disasters take casualties among the plant personnel, as well as among the nearby settlements population, which were the cases with the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster in Ukraine, or with the pesticide plant accident in Bhopal, India. 

Fig. 2.12 The change of the index of refraction due to DNT is much larger than the change due to other chemicals found in the environment as pollutants. The polymer is 20 wt.% AJL8 chromo phore in APC. Reprinted from Ref. 33 with permission. 2008 American Chemical Society...

Those who encounter her in EMF- and chemically-polluted environments see a woman strapped to a wheelchair, unable to articulate clearly, sometimes breathing from an oxygen tank, and wearing an old army helmet to protect herself. Strangers often assume... 

The general aim of the research was to estimate the effect of chemical pollution on the environment and health of the population. 

The decade of the 1970 s has seen mushrooming growth in concern for environmental health and the broader issues of the natural environment. This attitude is reflected in much legislation. Following incidents involving chemical pollutants, and recognition of chemical hazards and potential impacts of toxic substances, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was added to prior law. Objectives of TSCA and its impacts on the chemical industry are addressed elsewhere within this symposium. The present paper addresses education to meet the mandates of TSCA. 

Rastall, A.C. Neziri, A. Vukovic, Z. Jung, C. Mijovic, S. Hollert, H. Nikcevic, S. Erdinger, L. 2004, The identification of readily bioavailable pollutants in Lake Shkodra/Skadar using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), bioassays and chemical analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. R. 11 240-... 

F03003 Fact Sheet U.S. EPA Drinking Water Methods for Chemical Parameters 600978038 First American-Soviet Symposium on Chemical Pollution of the Marine Environment... 

Although it is still difficult to establish clear cause effect relationships, it is widely accepted that chemical pollution contributes for antibiotic resistance dissemination [10, 33, 34]. There are evidences that antibiotic resistance increase is related with environmental pollution and anthropic pressures. In this respect, antibiotics seem to be a major, although not the unique, form of pollution, mainly because it is estimated that about 75% of the antibiotics consumed by humans and animals are eliminated as active substances [35, 36]. In the environment, antibiotics can suffer adsorption, photolysis or biodegradation, reaching very low concentrations [37]. Nevertheless, at sub-inhibitory levels, as they are found in the environment, antibiotics can promote several alterations on housekeeping functions of the cells. Apparently, some of these alterations are not associated with antibiotic resistance. Even though, they contribute for the perturbation of the microbial community, leading, eventually, to an overall resistance increase [1, 34, 38]. 

Raldua D, Babin PJ (2009) Simple, rapid zebrafish larva bioassay for assessing the potential of chemical pollutants and dmgs to dismpt thyroid gland function. Environ Sci Technol 43 6844-6850... 

Malins DC, McCain BB, Brown DW, et al. 1984. Chemical pollutants in sediments and diseases of bottom-dwelling fish in Puget Sound, Washington. Environ Sci Technol 18 705-713. 

Brusle J. 1991. The eel (Anguilla sp.) and organic chemical pollutants. Sci Total Environ 102 1-19. 

Concentration techniques, applied to assign priority pollutants, function as an interface between the environment, chemical analysis, and bioassays. The transition of harmful pollutants in an environmental system to multicomponent concentrates derived from that system is the principal challenge of concentration techniques aimed at the assignment of organic priority pollutants. A compatible combination of chemical and biological methods must be used. These methods can vary from the development of analytical procedures based on the observed biological activity of fractions of an environmental concentrate to the toxicological... 

Along these lines, other test systems in combination with concentration methods were developed and applied. Although most chemicals have been introduced into the environment in ways that did not result in immediate effects on the environment, the total load of chemical pollutants has certainly contributed to observed changes in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. We now rely on aquatic toxicology to give reliable and proper information on the possible effects of man-made chemicals. This information enables the protection of aquatic ecosystems and, in particular, provides for the required scientific guidance in legislation and enforcement. 

To maintain environmental impact at a minimum, cooling-tower systems must be designed to abate both thermal and chemical pollution in blowdown stream. The latter is accomplished by treating blowdown prior to discharge or reuse. Sedimentation and other methods prepare blowdown streams for discharge to the natural environment. Evaporation or reuse permits a closed cooling system. 

Our environment is capable of withstanding natural levels or concentrations of many harmful substances or forms of energy such as heat or sound. Pollution is the addition of these substances or energy forms to the environment at higher levels than it can handle. Pollution causing substances can affect air, water or land. Pollution may be local and short lived (such as noise pollution) or it can be widespread and long lasting (such as chemical pollution caused by fertilizers and insecticides). 

Beyer A. and Matthies M. (2001). Long-range transport potential of semivolatile organic chemicals in coupled air-water systems. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 8(3), 173-179. 

Unlike other chemical pollutants of the environment, pesticides are purposeful environmental contaminants added to achieve specific goals in agriculture, industrial production, public health, forestry, road maintenance and construction, etc. Hence the term "economic poisons" originally employed, but later substituted by the less pejorative "pesticides". Pesticides are classified commercially... 

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