Cooling-Tower System

Fig. 1. The energy cycle of a thermal electric generating station having two alternative cooling systems (—) the open-circuit or once-through system and (-------------------------------------) a representative closed-cycle, cooling-tower system. Reproduced by permission (3).

Glutaraldehyde foam plastics for wallcoverings, floor coverings, insulation and packaging materials Hospitals, laboratories, cooling tower systems and... 

Although these units find initial application in areas of limited water, they have not been limited to this situation. In many instances they are more economical than cooling tower systems and have been successfully applied in combination with cooling towers (see Figure 10-184). Economic comparisons should include such items as tower costs, basin, make-up facilities, water treatment, pumps for circulation, power supply, blow down, piping, etc. For small installations of air-cooled units, they should be compared... 

Check the condenser absolute pressure. An increase in the condenser back-pressure, relative to design, is a sign of fouled tubes, air leakage, or poor overall cooling tower system performance. 

Bauer, R. O. Industrial Cooling Tower Systems, Plant Eng. (June 14, 1979). 

Float valves are required on all cooling tower systems. Their purpose is to supply makeup water to replace that lost by evaporation, blowdown, drift and system leakage. They are usually installed in the cold water basin and function to maintain a preestablished water level. A typical flowsheet showing the recommended arrangements for instrumentation and valves is given in Figure 7.4. 

The specifier must have a good understanding of instrumentation and support machinery. Any process instrumentation book will acquaint the newcomer to this area with the criteria for proper instrumentation selection. To illustrate the process involved in specifying the entire cooling tower system package, the following example has been prepared. 

Figure 7.4 Typical flowsheet for a cooling tower system.

Total installed cost3 Operating Cost of Cooling Tower System... 

Better Water Treatment in Cooling Tower Systems... 

To maintain environmental impact at a minimum, cooling-tower systems must be designed to abate both thermal and chemical pollution in blowdown stream. The latter is accomplished by treating blowdown prior to discharge or reuse. Sedimentation and other methods prepare blowdown streams for discharge to the natural environment. Evaporation or reuse permits a closed cooling system. 

The paper discusses operating limitations imposed by the turbine exhaust element and the alternatives presently available to the electric utility industry. It also presents tools for estimating dry tower plot area, fan power and circulating pump power requirements. It shows the savings in fan power which can be expected with a decrease in turbine-generator load and ambient air temperatures. It discusses expected maintenance costs and the owner s possible exposure with a large 1000 MW dry cooling tower system. The paper ends with an evaluation of the potential for lower dry tower system costs in the future. 12 refs, cited. 

Rugeley Dry Cooling Tower System Christopher, P. J. Forster, V. T. 

An Innovative Approach to Controlling Salt-Water Cooling Tower System Problems... 

Calcium Sulfate Solubility in Dynamic Cooling Tower Systems. . . Zero Blowdown... 

Eight Years Experience With Reuse and Biooxidation of Refinery Wastewater in Cooling Tower Systems at Sun Oil Co. S. Toledo Refinery... 

Puckorious PR. Ozone use in cooling tower systems—current guidelines— where it works. Ozone Sci Eng 1993 15 81-93. 

The ruptured tank had been connected to the cooling tower system that had not been operated since the startup of the biocide system. This stagnated condition and the unusu-ally high ambient temperatures contributed to the explosion. [6]... 

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