Environment automobile applications

The pharmaceutical industry is precisely one of the sectors in which patents have most impact. The general arguments that are formulated on the subject of technical information are fully applicable to the pharmaceutical environment. Thus in Spain, for example, pharmaceuticals are the third sector in terms of investment, behind automobiles and food. The two questions we must ask are whether there would be less investment and poorer results if patents did not exist, and to what extent results are achieved with the existing patent protection. Nevertheless, these two questions are not easy to answer. Furthermore,... 

PEN is a good candidate for labels where temperature tolerance is required, such as multi-layer labels for automobile bodies when being painted and dried at high temperatures. PEN is ideally suited for bar code labels where dimensional stability and registration are required at elevated temperatures. PEN labels have dimensional-excellence performance on printed circuit boards, in solvent- and aqueous-based painting operations, and in under-the-hood applications. PEN labels also provide substantially improved performance over PET or vinyl labels when the label must survive in harsh chemical environments. PEN performs extremely well in applications where the label must be in contact with organic solvents, such as acetone, ethers, toluene and phenol, as well as strong bases (30 % NaOH) and moderate acids. 

Phthalate esters, particularly, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), are widely used as plasticizers. The total annual U.S. production of phthalate esters was over h00,000 tons in 1970 (1). Many of the applications of phthalate esters such as in construction, home furnishings, the automobile industry, etc. make it likely that they reach the aquatic environment. Since the initial report of the presence of phthalate esters in natural waters and fish in the United States by Mayer and coworkers (2), there have been reports of these chemicals in fish in Canada (3, t) and in Japan (5). The presence of phthalate esters in the ocean waters off the United States and in Gulf of Mexico biota has also been noted (6. ... 

Because wholesale bans of this type will not occur, then another approach to achieving safety, at least for pollutants, might be suggested. Why not seek the goal of no detectable chemicals in the media of human exposure If automobiles emit various nitrogen oxides, simply ensure that emission rates are sufficiently low so that these noxious chemicals cannot be found in air. If PCBs are migrating from a hazardous waste site, impose limits on that migration so that no detectable PCBs are found in the off-site environment. Control afla-toxin contamination of raw food commodities to ensure none can be found in finished foods. Why not apply this approach to all pollutants (it obviously is not applicable to products) ... 

Solid tantalum capacitors have a high volumetric capacitance which makes them attractive for use in miniaturized electronic systems like cellular telephones, hand-held video cameras, and personal computers. The insensitivity of their capacitance to temperature and their ability to operate at temperature extremes explains why these devices are used in such harsh environments as automobile engine compartments. Solid tantalum capacitors are extremely reliable and, therefore, are often the capacitor of choice in critical applications like spacecraft electronics, pacemakers, and safety equipment. 

Many natural fibers are finding uses in automobiles, trucks, and railway cars. One of the reasons for this is the concern for the environment and the need to use renewable resources. Natural fibers are a renewable resource and they do not exacerbate the CO2 emission problem. Not only are natural fibers environmentally friendly, they possess reasonably good mechanical properties, such as impact resistance, at a very low weight. Examples of applications of natural fibers include, among others, the Mercedes-Benz E-class automobile. More... 

Helmers, E., Mergel, N. Platinum and rhodium in a polluted environment smdying the emissions of automobile catalysts with emphasis on the application of cathodic-stripping voltammetry (CSV) rhodium analysis. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 362, 522-528 (1998)... 

In recent years starch, the polysaccharide of cereals, legumes and tubers, has acquired relevance as a biodegradable polymer and is becoming increasingly important as an industrial material (Fritz Aichholzer, 1995). Starch is a thermoplastic polymer and it can therefore be extruded or injection moulded (Balta Calleja et al, 1999). It can also be processed by application of pressure and heat. Starch has been used successfully as a matrix in composites of natural fibres (flax, jute, etc.). The use of starch in these composites could be of value in applications such as automobile interiors. An advantage of this biopolymer is that its preparation as well as its destruction do not act negatively upon the environment. A further advantage of starch is its low price as compared with conventional synthetic thermoplastics (PE, PP). 

Potential applications of chemical sensors are diverse and numerous, and the environment where the sensor is used varies. Therefore, chemical sensor often requires to be tailor-made or semi-tailor-made to meet the needs in the special circumstance. For example, sensing of oxygen in an automobile exhaust or in water or in blood can be accomplished by using an electrochemical-based sensor. However, the selection of electrolyte and a diffusion-limited layer or protective membrane will be different in each case. Therefore, the platform chemical sensor technology is discussed in general. Special applications of a chemical sensor under a particular circumstance need to be addressed separately. 

Electrophoretic deposition is used extensively in the automobile industry to form undercoats on car bodies and in many other applications. The successful application of electrophoretic deposition relies on choosing the correct environment, particle size, and system chemistry to achieve coatings of the desired properties. Of critical importance is the ability to determine and control surface charge and the structure of the electrical double layer. 

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