End-user orientation

Another extremely Important trend is toward greater end-user orientation. This area was somewhat neglected while system de-... 

Results versus procedural orientation. Last, consider each system in terms of its content is its thrust instructional or is it couched in terms of desired results, leaving specific procedures to the discretion of the end user ... 

Based on the characterization of a supply chain, supply chain management (SCM) can be defined as a process oriented approach to procuring, producing, and delivering end products and services to customers. It includes sub-suppliers, suppliers, internal operations, trade customers, retail customers and end users. It covers the management of materials, information, and fund flows [2],... 

Customer orientation and initial solution-free formulation of customers wishes, as an orientation for product development, appear to be promising approaches for innovations with regard to the application safety of chemicals-based products. However, the initiative for this is not mainly due to substance manufacturers, but rather to the chemicals users being close to the consumers. To what extent the commercial/industrial chemicals end-users (users of production auxiliary materials that are not included in the product) also transform the latent desire for application-safe products into effective demand behaviour, depends on other constellations of motives than those of private end-consumers. The employers liabihty insurance, chambers of commerce and industry, branch associations, trade unions and management boards of large-scale companies play a key role in making quality and competition effective as drivers for innovation here too. 

The third, which they call a Chemicals Service Provider will have as its value proposition the best customer-specific result. Its characteristics will include being good at understanding customer needs and economics, providing chemical-related services to diverse end users, operation of outsourced chemical-related activities within customer site, manufacturing frequently being linked to customers production, and a service-oriented culture ... 

A second initiative, AixCAPE, was founded in 2002 as a consortium of industrial end users of CAPE software. The major objective of this organization is transfer-oriented research and development in close cooperation with its industrial members. Transfer is organized in a variety of cooperation opportunities, ranging from short-term consulting services to joint medium-term research projects or a long-term membership in the consortium. Initially, the research results of the Lehrstuhl fiir Prozesstechnik form the basis of Aix-CAPE s activities. In the future, other academic collaborators are aimed to be included. The idea is to achieve open technical platforms in which results from various research organizations can be integrated for efficient assessment and use. 

A market-oriented commercialization effort to ensure accelerated technology transfer focused on specific industrial and end users and maximiom implementation of these technologies. Industry has and will continue to conserve energy on its own... 

These technological innovations enable the software to (1) migrate to a remote system on demand, (2) dynamically compose its prerequisite and corequisite software, (3) self-adapt to the target runtime environment, and (4) discover the properties of the data to be processed. With these innovations software developers can virtualize the software components, certify them with digital signature, and publish the virtualized software in a shared library, as opposed to installing the software on a designated system. This solution framework allows the end-users to search for the software of their interest in a service-oriented manner and to launch the selected software to a system of choice on demand. 

However, in reality a profile coming from the die is forcefully cooled, often using a water bath. Polymer molecules oriented along the flow are frozen in the thermodynamically unfavorable state and cannot move noticeably until temperature is up again. This is related to polymer molecules in both a neat plastic and plastic-based composites. In such a frozen state composite deck boards are often placed into a warehouse and eventually sold to an end user, a customer. 

On the other hand, the results demonstrate the importance of the attitudes of the service providers. Computer specialists who are clearly user oriented, that is, who are communicative and responsive to user needs and are committed to improving existing applications and proposing appropriate new ones, seem best able to satisfy end users criteria for higher quality computing services. Researchers emphasize the importance of a positive sociotechnical interface between end users and computing specialists, in addition to good operational performance (e.g., low incidence of technical problems). 

Hypermedia have been used for three years by our students in instructional technology but if we consider their hyperwares, we see different kinds of tutorials or games at times, we see browsers and trouble shooting tutorials linked to videodiscs. They enjoy using this kind of software but they rarely think of themselves as end-users. In the same way, the literature and the conferences that deal with the problems of hypermedia in education are learner-oriented. But it is not necessarily so. Hypermedia is a new tool, a creative tool, a software erector set (Atkinson), a media for thinking and communication (Conklin, 1987). The uses of hypermedia have not all been explored yet. We propose here to consider hypermedia as a new way to develop, to teach, and to learn. 

The domain-specific problems expressed with the higher expressive power of DSLs and adequate service-oriented syntax and semantics allow end users to be focused on their domain problems and solution. Unfortunately, the common service-based practice forces end users to leam back-end software-programming languages, development processes, and creating software for computers instead of writing easily understandable and modifiable front-end domain-specific mograms for and by others and themselves. 

The development of trade software such as Aspen Dynamics or ProsimBatch proves the interest of manufacturers in the use of dynamic simulation for process design and operation. However, some specific process cases may lead end user to develop dedicated simulator of his own. In this context, a library of common building blocks which allows a modular modeling and an equation-oriented simulation of processes seems to be relevant and useful. Providing these software components is the main objective of PrODHyS. Developed in our research department, it results from the unification of works performed since several years in this domain (Jourda et al., 1996 Sargousse, 1999 Moyse, 2000 Hetreux et al., 2002 Ferret et al., 2002). 

---