Emulsion acid stimulation

Nasr-el-din, H.A., Surfactant Use in Acid Stimulation in Surfactants, Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry, Schramm, L.L. (Ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000, pp. 329-364. Sinclair, A.R. Terry, W.M. Kiel, O.M. Polymer Emulsion Fracturing in Proc., Annual Technical Conference of SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers Richardson, TX, 1973, paper SPE 4675. 

Emulsion drilUng fluids emulsion fracturing, stimulation, acidizing fluids enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in situ emulsions produced (well-head) emulsions bituminous oil sand process and froth emulsions heavy oil pipeUne emulsions fuel oil and tanker emulsions... 

There is a wide spectrum of applications where surfactants are used in acid stimulation. These applications range from anti-sludge agents, acid retarders, to acid diverters. Selection of a suitable surfactant for a specific application is a difficult task. This is due to the many variables that need consideration before field application. In addition, using large amounts of surfactants can lead to emulsion formation, precipitation and other operational problems. 

Acids were an early exception to the no water rule. It was recognized that aqueous solutions of acids would inhibit swelling of clays and shales as well as dissolve any acid-soluble minerals contained in a formation. By 1933 commercial well stimulation with hydrochloric acid was of great interest. A whole separate methodology and treatment chemistry has since evolved around acidizing and fracture acidizing(54). Water emulsions, mainly emulsified acids, and gelled acids thickened with polymeric additives were applied early in the history of well treatment. 

Aprotinin Aprotinin should not be mixed with corticosteroids, heparin, nutrient-containing amino acids or fat emulsions, and tetracyclines. Care must be exercised when diluting solutions of colony-stimulating factors, as they become adsorbed to glass or plastic materials, and the preparation must contain a carrier protein such as albumin to avoid the losses. 

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) emulsion was shown to enhance the absorption of epidermal growth factor (EGF) from the intestine, especially to intestinal lymph. The oral bioavailability of propanolol was shown to increase when administered in oleic acid and other lipid media. It is thought that the oleic acid forms an ion-pair with the drag and the entire complex is incorporated into chylomicrons. A further factor in the absorption enhancing effects may be that oleic acid per se stimulates chylomicron production. 

Applications of liquid emulsion membranes (LEMs) to biomedical and biochemical systems are reviewed and other potential applications identified. The LEM-mediated downstream processing of small, zwitterionic biochemicals (e.g. amino acids) is examined using chloride ion counter-transport to separate and concentrate the amino acid phenylalanine from stimulated fermentation broth. The effect of agitation rate and osmotic swelling of membranes on separation is shown to be significant. 

Babcock, T. A., Helton, W. S., Hong, D. and Espat, N. J. Omega-3 fatty acid lipid emulsion reduces LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha production. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 3 (2002) 145-149. 

Uses Mfg. of diaminophenol, picric acid, picramic acid herbicide reagent for detection of potassium and ammonium ions chemical synthesis biochemical research acid-base indicator polymerization inhibitor in styrene prod. intermediate for prod, of azo dyes. Cl sulfur black 1, Cl sulfur black 2, explosives, photographic developers fungicide for metalcutting oil emulsions, railroad ties, wood, pressure-treated wood wood preservative insecticide, miticide to control mosquitoes formerly as metabolic stimulator to aid in weight reduction... 

Both oil-in-acid and acid-in-oil emulsions form during well aeid stimulation [JO]. The latter type of emulsions, however, ean cause serious problems because of its high viseosity. These viscous emulsions are slow to return into the wellbore and result in loss of produetion, espeeiaUy in low-pressure reservoirs. 

The droplet size of the dispersed phase plays a key role in the effectiveness of the acidizing job. Too fine or coarse droplets will adversely affect the efficiency of the stimulation job. The acid-in-diesel emulsion was examined under the microscope and the drop size distribution of the dispersed phase determined using a phase contrast technique. 

Figure 5 is a photomicrograph (250 x ) of an acid-in-diesel emulsion. The average droplet size for this acid-in-diesel emulsion is nearly 77 pm [14]. Excellent field results were claimed when this acid was used to stimulate carbonate formations with permeability less than 100 mD [14,15]. 

Pavlov s student V. V. Savich stimulated secretion of mucus by applying 0.2% corrosive sublimate, 10% silver nitrate, absolute alcohol or an emulsion of mustard oil to the gastric mucosa of dogs. Boris Babkin inherited his interest in mucus from Pavlov and Savich, and he and his own students stimulated mucus secretion with 1% acetic acid (ca. 160 mN) or 90% ethyl alcohol. Franklin Hollander whose devotion to mucus was as intense as Babkin s stimulated mucus secretion with topical application of water saturated with ethyl ether or with a 5% emulsion of clove oil. All those stimulants seriously damage the gastric mucosa, and their effect, other than their ability to stimulate shedding of mucus and mucus-containing cells will be discussed in a later part of this chapter. 

Foamed acids can be effective in improving contact with longer treatment intervals. As in fracture acidizing, most foams are 60-75 quality. The lightness of foam makes it an effective stimulation fluid for damaged gas wells. As with emulsions, the pumping of foam at high rates is not always possible. 

C. W., and B. D. Miller. 1974. New, low viscosity acid in oil emulsions. Paper SPE 5159, presented at the Society of Petroleum Engineers National Meeting and Exhibition, Houston. Ford, W. G. F. 1981. Foamed acid—an effective stimulation fluid. Journal of Petroleum Technology. July 7. 

---