ELISA linked immunosorbent

MacroHdes are obtained by controUed submerged aerobic fermentations of soil microorganisms. Although species of Streptomjces have dominated, species of Saccharopoljspora Micromonospora and Streptoverticillium are also weU represented. New techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based assays may prove beneficial for discovering new stmctures (464). 

In each of the assays of potency the amount of the immunoglobulin and the amount of a corresponding standard preparation that are required to neutralize the infectivity or other biological activity of a defined amount of virus or to neutralize a defined amount of a bacterial toxin are determined. The two determined amounts and the assigned unitage of the standard preparation are then used to calculate the potency of the immunoglobulin in International Units (lU). ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 

HPLC, high-petfomtance liquid chromatogtaphy ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method RIA, radioimmunoassay method. 

Several heterogeneous electrochemical enzyme immunoassays have been demonstrated. These are based on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique... 

ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EMS Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome ENS Enteric nervous system EO Eosinophil... 

H.A. Moye, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in Pesticide Residues in Foods Methods, Techniques, and Regulations, W.G. Fong, H.A. Moye, J.N. Seiber, and J.P. Toth (eds), Wiley, New York, Chapt. 6 (1999). 

Watanabe et al. developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of inabenfide, a plant growth regulator, in rice. Specific monoclonal antibody (MAB) is used for this method. The effects of rice matrices on the sensitivity of ELISA can be reduced by adding 0.1% Tween 20. Good reproducibility and accuracy of the proposed ELISA were obtained for rice samples and the recovery was 92% at a fortification level of 5-500 xgkg . ... 

The need to understand the fate of pesticides in the environment has necessitated the development of analytical methods for the determination of residues in environmental media. Adoption of methods utilizing instrumentation such as gas chro-matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has allowed the detection of minute amounts of pesticides and their degradation products in environmental samples. Sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) have also been important in the development of more reliable and sensitive analytical methods. 

EIAs are more desirable for the measurement of agrochemicals than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for several reasons. EIAs are easier to run, require minimal liquid transfers, and are completed in brief time frames, approximately 40 min for tube assays to 2.5 h for microtiter plate assays. In contrast, ELISAs are more complex, have many steps involving transfer of reagents, and require 6-8 h to complete. Most commercially available immunoassays utilize the EIA format. 

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Li and Li developed an ELISA procedure for imidacloprid to determine its residues in coffee cherry and bean extracts. A 25-g amount of sample extracted with 300 mL of methanol and 1% sulfuric acid (3 1, v/v) for 3 min. An aliquot of the sample extract (0.5 mL) is mixed with 1 mL of water and a gentle stream of nitrogen is used to evaporate methanol. The solution is then extracted with 1 mL of ethyl acetate, the extract is reconstituted in 1 mL of PBST (phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20) and competitive ELISA is performed to quantify imidacloprid in the extract. Eor methanol extracts of coffee cherries and beans fortified with imidacloprid at 0.5 mgL recoveries of imidacloprid by the ELISA method were 108 and 94, respectively. 

Oxime carbamates are not directly amenable to gas chromatography (GC) because of their high thermal instability, which often leads to their breakdown at the injection port or in the column during analysis. Analysis of oxime carbamates by GC with sulfur detection or flame photometric detection involves oxidation of the intact insecticides or alkaline hydrolysis to form the more volatile but stable oxime compound. Enzymatic techniques have been reported for the analysis of these compounds. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been used to determine aldicarb and its sulfone and sulfoxide metabolites and methomyl in water, soil, and sediment samples. 

Even though stool examination for ova and parasites has remained the major means of diagnosis, other diagnostic tests include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is considered to be between 85% to 98% sensitive and almost 100% specific (ProSpecT, Giardia Microplate Assay, Remel, Lenexa, KS). 

Laboratory confirmation is vital to effective treatment of HSV, especially in individuals in whom a clinical diagnosis cannot be obtained. There are several methods by which a definitive diagnosis may be acquired, and these include virologic typing, serologic diagnosis, rapid point-of-care antigen detection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot, and DNA polymerase chain reaction.27... 

HIV diagnosis is made either by a positive HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or rapid test (these tests may be positive as soon as 3 to 6 weeks after infection) and then confirmed by a positive confirmatory test, usually the HIV Western blot (Table 84-1). 

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 3-6 weeks Plasma If nonreactive, no further testing is required, unless acute infection suspected... 

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) Immunofluorescence assays (IFAs) Immunomagnetic separation... 

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