Electrostatic spray deposition

ESD or electrostatic spray pyrolysis (ESP) has been applied to fabricate metal oxide thin films [122-124]. This technique holds some advantages, including simple setup and high deposition efficiency [116]. During the ESD process, a precursor 

droplet transport, evaporation, disruption 3, preferential landing 4, discharge, droplet spreading, penetration, drying and 5, surface diffusion reaction. Reproduced by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry [116]. 

The parameters d, Sx,Q, and k are the diameter of the droplets emitted at the jet (the primary droplet size), the relative permittivity of the solution, the feed rate or flow rate of the solution, and the electrical conductivity of the solution, respectively. All of these processes influence the morphology of the deposited layer. A detailed description has been reported by Chen et al. [116]. 

Several parameters that affect the morphology of LiCo02 cathodes have been reported [115]. Pore size increases with increasing flow rate of the precursor 

Substrate temperature Flow rate Substrate Voltage 

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Electrodes can be prepared by electrostatic spray deposition of nanocrystalline cubic Pt dense thin films on YSZ, using Pt(acac)2 as precursor. Investigation of the catalytic behavior of the deposited Pt as a function of the microstructural properties is currently in progress. 

Zirconia coatings can also be obtained by ESD (electrostatic spray deposition) nsing Zr(acac)4 as metal source. In a typical experiment, precnrsor concentrations of 0.04-0.16 molL , a flow rate of 0.5 mLh , a positive high voltage from 5-10 kV, a nozzle-to-snbstrate distance of 27 mm and a deposition temperature range of 300-500 °C were applied. Various polymer additives were used to optimally mne the microstructure of the coating. Smooth, dense and homogeneous thin layers were deposited. 

Leeuwenburgh, S.C.G., Wolke, J.G.C., Schoonman, J., and Jansen, J.A. (2006) Deposition of calcium phosphate coatings with defined chemical properties using the electrostatic spray deposition technique. /. Fur Ceram. Soc., 26 (4-5), 487 —493. 

Gourari, H., Lumbreras, M., Van Landschoot, R. and Schoonman, X, Electrode nature effects on stannic oxide type layers prepared by electrostatic spray deposition , Sensor Actual B, 1999,58,365-9. 

An alternative approach to improve the electrochemical performance of a TMO anode is the preparation of nanostructures consisting of an inert but conducting metallic core surrounded by a shell of a selected TMO. For this purpose, special synthetic routes allow the hierarchical separation of phases. Thus, the use of electrostatic spray deposition led to the formation CoO/Co composite thin films consisted of hollow spherical particles delivering a high reversible capacity of 1182.1 mAhg" at 70th cycle and retaining 69.5% of the initial capacity at 10 C [53]. 

Electrostatic spray deposition Elame spray deposition Pressurized gas spray deposition Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis Mist spray pyrolysis... 

Figure 1.13 (a) Schematic diagram of the plasma spray process and (b) experimental setup of the electrostatic spray deposition technique. 

Reprinted with permission from Vend, A., Mrdak, M., Cvijovic, I., 2006. Microstructures and trihological properties of ferrous coatings deposited hy APS (Atmospheric Plasma Spraying) on Al-alloy substrate. FME Trans. 34, 151—157 Leeuwenburgh, S., Wolke, J., Schoonman, J., Jansen, J., 2005. Influence of deposition parameters on chemical properties of calcium phosphate coatings prepared by using electrostatic spray deposition. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 74,275—284. 

Electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) has been developed to prepare bioactive calcium phosphate coatings. The basic principle of ESD encompasses the... 

Yoon, W., Chung, K.Y., Nam, K., Kim, K. Characterization of LiMn204-coated LiCo02 film electrode prepared by electrostatic spray deposition. J. Power Sources 163, 207-210 (2006)... 

Chen, C.H., Varhaug, K.N., Schonman, J. Coatings yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) thin films on gadolinia-doped ceria (GCO) by the electrostatic spray deposition (BSD) technique. J. Mater. Synth. Process. 4, 189-194 (1996)... 

Chen C.H., Kelder E.M., Schoonman J. Unique porous LiCo02 thin layers prepared by electrostatic spray deposition. J. Mater. Sci. 1996 31 5437-5442 Chen C.H., Kelder E.M., Schoonman J. Electrostatic sol-spray deposition (ESSD) and characterisation ofnanostructured Ti02 thin films. Thin Solid Films 1999 342 35-41 Chen K.M., Sparks A.W., Luan H.C., Lim D.R., Wada K., Kimerling L.C. Si02/Ti02 omnidirectional reflector and microcavity resonator via the sol-gel method. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999 75 3805-3807... 

Preparation and Thermoelectric Properties of Perovskite-Type AxCai.xByMni.y03 5 (A La,Bi,Y,Sr) (B Ni,Ti,V) Thin-Films by Electrostatic Spray Deposition Method... 

Keywords CaMnOs, Thermoelectric materials. Electrostatic spray deposition method... 

It is usually difficult to investigate lithium intercalation and deintercalation behavior with composite cathodes because of the nonuniform potential distributions and unknown electrode surface area [104]. To avoid this problem, researchers replaced composite electrodes with thin-film electrodes, making vacuum techniques a tool of choice in small-scale bench top research. Many techniques have been developed for fabrication of thin-film electrodes, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [108-111], electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) [112-117], pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [2, 118-121], and radio frequency (RF) sputtering. Vacuum systems are typically required in each of these techniques. Each technique for fabricating LiCo02 cathodes will be addressed below. 

Chen, C.H., Kelder, E.M., Van der Put, P.J.J.M. Schoonman, J. (1996). Morphology control of thin LiCo02 films fabricated using the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique. Journal of Materials Chemistry. Vol. 6, pp. 765. 

Li X, Wang C (2013) Engmetaing nanostructured anodes via electrostatic spray deposition for high perframance hthium ion battery application. J Mater Chem A 1 165-182... 

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