Electrophoresis paper, principles

Some coupled systems allow measurement of the main N and P forms (nitrate, ammonia and orthophosphates) [22,27,29], among which is a system based on membrane technology in combination with semi-micro continuous-flow analysis (pCFA) with classical colorimetry. With the same principle (classical colorimetry), another system [30] proposes the measurement of phosphate, iron and sulphate by flow-injection analysis (FIA). These systems are derived from laboratory procedures, as in a recent work [31] where capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used for the separation of inorganic and organic ions from waters in a pulp and paper process. Chloride, thiosulphate, sulphate, oxalate,... 

Malabsorption Syndrome, with Special Reference to the Effects of Wheat Gluten (Frazer), 5, 69 Mellituria, Nonglucose (Sidbury), 4, 29 Microbiological Assay Methods for Vitamins (Baker and Sobotka), 5, 173 Organic Acids in Blood and Urine (Nordmann and Nordmann), 4, 53 Paper Electrophoresis Principles and Techniques (Peeters), 2, 1 Paper Electrophoresis of Proteins and Protein-Bound Substances in Clinical Investigations (Owen), I, 238 Parathyroid Function and Hyperparathyroidism, Biochemical Aspects of (Nordin), 4, 275... 

The origins, principles, methods, and modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE) are discussed. Massive application of electrophoresis methods started after Tiselius s moving boundary method that was optimized by the use of paper or a gel as a semiconducting medium. The applications of paper and gel electrophoresis were situated mostly in the biochemical environment for the analysis of proteins, amino... 

Arsonic acids are easily detected on paper electrophoresis and chromatography by the fact that they bind Fe3+ tightly. Hence, they show up in the test of Wade and Morgan (130) for phosphates, in which the paper is sprayed with a solution of FeCl3 (1%) and sulfosalicylic acid (1%). Phosphonates and arsonates show up like phosphates as white spots on a purple background, because they remove the Fe3+ from its purple complex with the acid. For following column effluent, a test with a similar principle may be used. The sample is mixed with a buffered, acidic solution of Fe3+ and azide, and the absorbance at 450 nm is diminished by phosphates and phosphonates (52) we have since used this method successfully with arsonates. 

P10. Peeters, H., and Vuylsteke, P., Principles and results of paper electrophoresis of proteins. Exhibit presented at 1st Intern. Congr. Clin. Chem., New York (1956). 

The electrophoretic separation technique is based on the principle that, under the influence of an applied potential field, different species in solution will migrate at different velocities from one another. When an external electric field is applied to a solution of charged species, each ion moves toward the electrode of opposite charge. The velocities of the migrating species depend not only on the electric field, but also on the shapes of the species and their environmment. Historically, electrophoresis has been performed on a support medium such as a semisolid slab gel or in nongel support media such as paper or cellulose acetate. The support media provide the physical support and mechanical stability for the fluidic buffer system. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged as an alternative form of electrophoresis, where the capillary wall provides the mechanical stability for the carrier electrolyte. Capillary electrophoresis is the collective term which incorporates all of the electrophoretic modes that are performed within a capillary. 

A number of analytical methods are used to detect and determine the radiochemical impurities in a given radiopharmaceutical. Most commonly used are methods like paper (PC), thin-layer (TLC), and gel chromatography, paper and gel electrophoresis, HPLC, and precipitation. A common principle for the different methods is that they can chemically separate the different radiolabeled components in the radiopharmaceutical. It may sometimes be necessary to perform more than... 

Electrokinetics play Important roles in colloid and surface science but also beyond these domains. The purpose of the present section is to consider some principles behind their measurements, emphasizing methods relevant for characterizing colloids and interfaces. The large number of semlquantitative methods, including paper or gel electrophoresis for diagnostic purposes and isoelectric focusing in protein chemistry, are considered "applications (sec. 4.10). For more details, see the literature of sec. 4.11, especially the books by Hunter, and Rlghettl et al. Unless where explicitly mentioned otherwise, the considerations apply to aqueous systems. 

WuNDERLY (1961) Principles and Applications of Paper Electrophoresis (Elsevier, Amsterdam). 

P2. Peeters, H., Paper electrophoresis principles and techniques. Advances in Clin. Chem. 2, 1-132 (1959). 

In principle two types of electrode buffers are in use dry, non-aqueous solvents, or mixtures of organic solvents with aqueous buffers. Paper serves as supporting medium for electrophoresis. 

In electrophoresis, separation depends on the differences in the electrical properties of the components in a mixture. Although not, in principle, a chromatographic technique, electrophoresis is especially helpful in separating ionic compounds difficult to separate by paper chromatography alone. The principles of operation are depicted in Figure 21.26. Each end of a supported filter paper or cellulose-acetate strip is... 

Martin and Everaerts published a paper in 1967 which gave a new impulse. Their capillary equipment for displacement electrophoresis had already the character of the present devices. They used as a detector a thermocouple glued on the outside wall of a thin-walled separation capillary. The principle of and the equipment for the moving boundary analysis with a detection performed potentio-metrically was reported by Hello in 1968. One year later, Fredriksson developed the analytical apparatus for the displacement electrophoresis . He used a conductivity detector, successfully separated low-molecular fatty acids and performed quantitative an dyses by measuring the lengths of zones. 

The movement of soil colloidal particles was the first description of electrophoresis as early as 1809. However, Arne Tiselius ( 1937) was the first to construct a successful instrument useful for the separation of serum protein by electrophoresis using the boundary separation principle. Because of the clinical significance of this type of separation, many improvements and refinements followed, such as utilizing paper, cellulose acetate, gel, and more recently capillaries in order to speed up and better separate (into distinct zones) the different proteins. The electric current can be utilized in the clinical applications to accomplish not just separation but other tasks ... 

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