Electrophoresis using

Conradi, S. Vogt, C. Rohde, E. Separation of Enatiomeric Barbiturates by Capillary Electrophoresis Using a Cyclodextrin-Containing Run Buffer, /. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1122-1125. 

Electrophoresis uses the force of an apphed electric field to move molecules or particles, often through a polymer matrix. The electric field acts on the intrinsic charge of a substance, and the force on each substance is proportional to the substance s charge or surface potential. The resulting force on the substance results in a distinct velocity for the substance that is proportional to the substance s surface potential. If two different substances have two different velocities, an electric field apphed for a fixed amount of time results in different locations on the matrix for these substances. 

A stereoselective determination of enantiomers of 5, its A -oxide and N-desmethyl metabolites in human urine was developed by capillary electrophoresis using laser-induced fluorescence detection and sulfonated /1-cyclodextrin in the running buffer (01JC(B)169). 

E. J. Cole and R. T. Kennedy, Seleaive preconcenti ation for capillary zone electrophoresis using protein G immunoaffinity capillary chi omatography . Electrophoresis 16 549-556(1995). 

Ornskov, E.,. Gottfries, M. Erickson, S. Folestad. Experimental modelling of drug membrane permeability by capillary electrophoresis using liposomes, micelles and microemulsions./. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2005, 57, 435 2. 

The STR data generated at NIST were based on amplifying i.o ng of the genomic DNA with fluorescent labelled primers. The PCR amplified products were analyzed by slab gel electrophoresis followed by imaging with a Molecular Dynamics Fluorl-mager 595 or by capUlary electrophoresis using a PE-ABI 310 Genetic Analyzer. 

Cohen, A. S., Paulus, A., and Karger, B. L. High-performance capillary electrophoresis using open tubes and gels, Chromatographia, 24, 15, 1987. 

Strege, M. and Lagu, A., Separation of DNA restriction fragments by capillary electrophoresis using coated fused silica capillaries, Anal. Chem., 63, 1233, 1991. 

Weston, A., Brown, P. R., Jandik, P., Heckenberg, A. L., and Jones, W. R., Optimization of detection sensitivity in the analysis of inorganic cations by capillary ion electrophoresis using indirect photometric detection,. Chromatogr., 608, 395, 1992. 

Liu, J., Hsieh, Y.-Z., Wiesler, D., Novotny, M., Design of 3-(4-carboxybenzoyl)-2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde as a reagent for ultrasensitive determination of primary amines by capillary electrophoresis using laser fluorescence detection, Anal. Chem., 63, 408, 1991. 

Swedberg, S. A., Characterization of protein behavior in high-performance capillary electrophoresis using a novel capillary system, Anal. Biochem., 185, 51, 1990. 

Gong, Y. and Yeung, E.S., An absorption detection approach for multiplexed capillary electrophoresis using a linear photodiode array, Anal. Chem. 71,4989, 1999. 

Fig. 11-2. Schematic for preparative gel electrophoresis using a condenser for mechanical support and cooling.

Hanash, S.M. (2000). Biomedical applications of two-dimensional electrophoresis using immobilized pH gradients current status. Electrophoresis 21, 1202-1209. 

Karim, M.R., Shinagawa, S., Takagi, T. (1994). Electrophoretic mobilities of the complexes between sodium dodecyl sulfate and various peptides or proteins determined by free solution electrophoresis using coated capillaries. Electrophoresis 15, 1141-1146. 

Sloat AL, Roper MG, Lin X, Ferrance JP, Landers JP, Colyer CL (2008) Protein determination by microchip capillary electrophoresis using an asymmetric squarylium dye noncovalent labeling and nonequilibrium measurement of association constants. Electrophoresis 29 3446-3455... 

Organolead and organoselenium compounds were separated satisfactorily by high-performance capillary electrophoresis, using /1-cyclodextrin-modified micellar electroki-netic chromatography with on-column UVV detector set at 210 nm130. 

Aspirin can be separated from salicylic acid by ionophoresis at a pH of 4-5.1 8 Separation of aspirin in combination products has been achieved with paper strip electrophoresis, using buffers at pH 2-8 and a 200 V. applied potential.11 9 Aspirin was separated from metabolites by paper electrophoresis in a phthalate buffer of pH 3.2 and an ionic strength of 0.0125-0.0500.150... 

As with other chromatographic methods, there are a number of electrophoretic methods, including paper and gel electrophoreses and CE. Electrophoresis uses an electric current to move ionic species, either simple ions, amino acids, or complex proteins, through a medium (i.e., a gel) or a capillary (i.e., CE). During this process, typically, the ionic species move at different rates and are thus separated. 

Figure 7.1. Effect of GM-CSF on neutrophil protein biosynthesis. Human neutrophils were incubated in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 2.5% foetal calf serum and 60 jtCi/ml [35S]-methionine, in the presence and absence of 50 U/ml GM-CSF. After 4 h incubation at 37 °C, the cells were pelleted by low-speed centrifugation. The proteins in the cell pellets were precipitated by 10% trichloracetic acid and then analysed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, using iso-electrofocussing in the first dimension. Electrophoresis in the second dimension was performed in the presence of SDS and used a 12% acrylamide gel. Source Experiment of Becky Stringer.

Xu, Y., Dixon, S. J., Brereton, R. G., Soini, H. A., Novotny, M. V., Trebesius, K., Bergmaier, I., Oberzaucher, E., Grammer, K., Penn, D. J. Metabolomics 3,2007,421-dSl. Comparison of human axillary odour profiles obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and skin microbial profiles obtained by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis using... 

Ward, T.J. and Oswald, T.M., Enantioselectivity in capillary electrophoresis using the macrocyclic antihiotics, J. Chromatogr. A, 792, 309, 1997. 

Fillet, M., Hubert, P., Crommen, J. Method development strategies for the enantiosep-aration of drugs by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral additives. Electrophoresis 1998, 19, 2834—2840. 

Matthijs, N., Perrin, C., Maftouh, M., Massart, D.L., Vander Heyden, Y. Knowledge-based system for method development of chiral separations with capillary electrophoresis using highly sulphated cyclodextrins. J. Pharm. Biomed. An. 2002, 27, 515-529. 

Catai, J. R., Somson, G. W., and de Jong, G. J. (2004). Efficient and reproducible analysis of peptides by capillary electrophoresis using noncovalently bilayer-coated capillaries. Electrophoresis 25, 817-824. 

Mandrup, G. (1992). Rugged method for the determination of deamidation products in insulin solutions by free zone capillary electrophoresis using an untreated fused-silica capillary. J. Chromatogr. 604, 267—281. 

Stalberg, O., Sander, K., and Sanger-van de Griend, C. (2002). The determination of bromide in a local anaesthetic hydrochloride by capillary electrophoresis using direct UV detection.. Chromatogr. A 977, 265-275. 

Stalberg, O., Westerlund, D., Rodby, U. B., and Schmidt, S. (1995). Determination of impurities in remoxipride by capillary electrophoresis using UV-detection and LIF-detection — principles to handle sample overloading effects. Chromatographia 41, 287—294. 

Hernandez, M., Borrull, R, and Calull, M. (2000). Determination of oxytetracycline and some impurities in plasma by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis using solid-phase extraction. Chromatographia 52, 279—284. 

Johns, C., Shaw, M. J., Macke, M., and Haddad, P. R. (2003). Sensitive indirect photometric detection of inorganic and small organic anions by capillary electrophoresis using Orange G as a probe ion. Electrophoresis 24, 557—566. 

Nairn, A., and Pretsch, E. (1994). Potentiometric detection of anions separated by capillary electrophoresis using an ion-selective microelectrode. /. Chromatogr. A 676, 437-442. 

Yeung, K. K. C., Kiceniuk, A. G., and Li, L. (2001). Capillary electrophoresis using a surfactant-treated capillary coupled with offline matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for high efficiency and sensitivity detection of proteins. /. Chromatogr. A 931, 153 — 162. 

Tanaka, Y., and Terabe, S. (1997). Separation of the enantiomers of basic drugs by affinity capillary electrophoresis using a partial filling technique and ai-acid glycoprotein as chiral selector. 

Li, S., and Lloyd, D. K. (1993). Direct chiral separations by capillary electrophoresis using capillaries packed with an alpha(l)-acid glycoprotein chiral stationary phase. Anal. Chem. 65,... 

Kato, M., Gyoten, Y., Sakai-Kato, K., and Toyo oka, T. (2003). Rapid analysis of amino acids in Japanese green tea by microchip electrophoresis using plastic microchip and fluorescence detection.. Chromatogr. A 1013, 183 — 189. 

Carvalho has studied the separation of technetium from rhenium by electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Good separations can be obtained by electrophoresis using either alkaline hydra2dne sulfate or a solution of SnClj in hydrochloric acid as electrolytes. Both elements can sufficiently be separated by paper... 

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