White spots

Figure 4.6 A thin, glassy layer of predominantly manganese oxide on the internal surface of a brass condenser tube. The many white spots are pits at fractures in the manganese layer.

Fig. 33(a,b) shows a series of snapshot pietures as a result of a eomputer experiment probing the kineties of dewetting. The loeal darkness of eaeh snapshot indieates the loeal eoverage of the substrate surfaee. Coverage fluetuations (white spots) appear rather early and get rapidly amplified. The substrate regions, eovered with polymer, have very irregular surfaee initially and are eonneeted with many weak links later, these hnks disappear, and the droplets of adsorbed polymer eompaetify, a pattern similar to spinodal deeomposition. 

Despite more than 200 years of sulfur research the chemistry of elemental sulfur and sulfur-rich compounds is still full of white spots which have to be filled in with solid knowledge and reliable data. This situation is particularly regrettable since elemental sulfur is one of the most important raw materials of the chemical industry produced in record-breaking quantities of ca. 35 million tons annually worldwide and mainly used for the production of sulfuric acid. 

Fig. 3—Measurement of surface by HDI surface reflectance analyzer. In electromagnetic radiation (light), the polarization direction is defined as the direction of the electric field vector. The incident polarization of the light can be controlled. The instrument uses a variety of detectors to analyze the reflected polarization state of the light. (U.S. Patent 6,134,011). (a) Plane of the disk The SRA uses a fixed 60 degree (from the surface normal) angle of incidence. The plane of incidence is the same as the paper plane (b) Pit on a surface detected by reflected light channels of HDI instrument (c) Scratches on disk surface measured by HDI surface reflectance analyzer (d) Particles on the surface of disk detected by reflected light (black spot) and by scattered light (white spot) [8].

Surface crustation is caused by sucrose crystallization. It is characterized by hard white spots on the surface. It is remedied by the use of corn sirup solids and larger levels of hydrocolloids. During freezing in a continuous freezer there is ice separation caused by centrifugal separation of small ice crystals. Increase in mix viscosity by use of hydrocolloids inhibits this action. 

Figure 2. Z-contrast STEM image of the Au on WO3 sample. The gold nanoparticles are the white spots on the WO3 surface. The contrast of the small gold particles has been enhanced and the image smoothed, so that small particles are visible, despite the lack of contrast to the background. (Reprinted from Topics in Catalysis, 122(1) 2007, pg 248, with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

Two existing mouse mutations have provided insight into the factors necessary for germ cell migration and proliferation. Mutations at either the dominant white spotting (W) or Steel (SI) locus affect three migratory... 

Geissler, E. N., Ryan, M. A., and Housman, D. E. (1988). The dominant-white spotting (W) locus of the mouse encodes the c-kit proto-oncogene. Cell 55 185-192. 

Figure 4.2 Hypothetical plasma membrane (PM)-associated structure of FR02. Four histidine residues (white spots) predicted to coordinate two intramembraneous haem groups (white bars) are indicated, as are the tetrapeptide binding sites for FAD and N AD(P)H. The sites of mutations in the FRO gene are indicated (frdl-l,frdl-3) i, inside cell o, outside cell. Reprinted with permission from Nature (Robinson et al., 1999). Copyright (1999) Macmillan Magazines Limited.

Fig. 2.3 Evidence of monolayer graphene from TEM [72]. (a) and (b) High-resolution TEM images of solution-cast monolayer (a) and bilayer (b) graphene (scale bar 500 nm) (c) electron diffraction pattern of the sheet in (a), with the peaks labeled by Miller-Bravais indices (d) and (e) electron diffraction patterns taken from the positions of the black (d) and white spots (e), respectively, of the sheet shown in (b), using the same labels as in (c). fhe graphene is clearly one layer thick in (d) and two layers thick in (e) (f)-(h) Diffracted intensity taken along the 1210 to 2110 axis for the patterns shown in (c)-(e), respectively (i) Histogram of the ratios of the intensity of the 1100 and 2110 diffraction peaks for all the diffraction patterns collected. A ratio > 1 is a signature of graphene.

Symptoms First symptoms are a white spotting of leaves caused by the feeding of adult females. Narrow white tunnels appear between the upper and lower leaf surface. These later widen and meander toward the leaf midrib. After 2-3 weeks, small dark bumps can be seen on the lower leaf surface. 

The injection sequence, which results in a highly sooting flame (Fig. 6.13), occurs out of phase with the air vortex formation. The first fuel injection misses the air vortex and stays unmixed while also partially suppressing the roll-up of this air vortex. The second-fuel injection enters the void between the air vortices and stays separated from the air. The rich mixture results in the formation of soot at this point as shown by the white spots. Temperature profiles also show the energy release rate to be lower in this case. 

Gold toxicity is the primary serious reaction. Signs and symptoms of gold toxicity include decreased Hgb, leukopenia (WBC count less than 4000/mm ), reduced granulocyte counts (less than 150,000/mm ), proteinuria, hematuria, stomatitis (sores, ulcers, and white spots in the mouth and throat), blood dyscrasias (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and eosinophilia), glomerulonephritis, nephritic syndrome, and cholestatic jaundice. 

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