2 Electroconductivity poly

Polytrrai Electroconductive Poly(vinyl ehloride) alloys BE Goodrich... 

Some polymers from styrene derivatives seem to meet specific market demands and to have the potential to become commercially significant materials. For example, monomeric chlorostyrene is useful in glass-reinforced polyester recipes because it polymerizes several times as fast as styrene (61). Poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) [9003-59-2] a versatile water-soluble polymer, is used in water-poUution control and as a general flocculant (see Water, INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT FLOCCULATING AGENTs) (63,64). Poly(vinylhenzyl ammonium chloride) [70304-37-9] h.a.s been useful as an electroconductive resin (see Electrically conductive polya rs) (65). 

Common conductive polymers are poly acetylene, polyphenylene, poly-(phenylene sulfide), polypyrrole, and polyvinylcarba2ole (123) (see Electrically conductive polymers). A static-dissipative polymer based on a polyether copolymer has been aimounced (124). In general, electroconductive polymers have proven to be expensive and difficult to process. In most cases they are blended with another polymer to improve the processibiUty. Conductive polymers have met with limited commercial success. 

Electroconductive resin compositions, which are useful for packaging electronic devices, have been described. In general, electroconductive resin compositions are made up from a thermoplastic resin and an electroconductive filler, mostly carbon black. Polyphenylene ether) resins are known to impart heat resistance. For general purposes, a poly(styrene) (PS) resin and an ABS resin are superior to other resins in that even if carbon black is incorporated in a large amount, there will be no substantial decrease in the flowability or... 

The aim of the investigation and development described in this chapter is the development of electroconductive polyacrylonitrile fibres. In this first section, a preliminary study is described to optimise the common poly-... 

During the last decade, immobilization of oxidase type enzymes by physical entrapment in conducting or ionic polymers has gained in interest, particularly in the biosensor field. This was related to the possibility for direct electron tranfer between the redox enzyme and the electroconducting polymers such as polypyrrole (1,2), poly-N-methyl pyrrole (3), polyindole (4) and polyaniline (5) or by the possibility to incorporate by ion-exchange in polymer such as Nafion (6) soluble redox mediators that can act as electron shuttle between the enzyme and the electrode. 

Poly(3,4-alkylenedioxythiophenedioxide), (II), derivatives were prepared by the author [3] and used as an electroconductive layer in a light-emitting diode. 

Groenendaal [3] prepared water soluble 4-(2,3-dihydro thieno[3,4-b)][l,4] dioxin-2-yl-methoxy)-butane-l-sulfonic acid sodium salt, (IV), and copolymers with poly(styrenesulphonic acid) having a of 290,000 daltons that were used in electroconductive devices. 

Wu, X.M., Chen, T.A., and Rieke, R.D., Synthesis of regioregular head-to-tail poly[3-(alkylthio)thiophenes] A highly electroconductive polymer, Macromolecules 28, 2101-2102, 1995. 

Heterocycle-based electroconductive polymers , Berlin, A., Plastic Eng. (N.Y.) (Electrical and Optical Polymer Systems), 1998, 45, 47 Heterocycle-based electric conductors , Pagani, G. A., Heterocycles, 1994, 37, 2069 Conjugated poly(thiophenes) synthesis, functionalisation and applications , Roncali, J., Chem. Rev., 1992, 92, 711. 

S. Brahim and A. Guiseppi-Elie, Electroconductive hydrogels Electrical properties of poly-pyrrole-poly(HEMA) and electrochemical composites. Electroanalysis, 17(7), 556-570... 

H. Kuroda, H. Goto, K. Akagi, A. Kawaguchi, Structure and electroconductivity of a sheared liquid-crystalline polyacetylene derivative poly(5-/ -(frans-4-pentacyclohexyl)phenoxy-l-pentyne). Macromolecules, 35, 1307-1713 (2002). 

Since the discovery of insoluble polythiophene and the determination of its electroconductivity in 1980 [241], many studies have been completed to improve the synthetic feasibility and chemical and physical properties of this conjugated polymer. A milestone step in the development of polythiophene occurred in 1985 when the poly(3-alkylthiophene), which was a soluble, processable, and stable polymer, was achieved by introducing an alkyl group... 

Castelvetro, V., Colligiani, A., Ciardelli, F., Ruggeri, G., and Giordano, M. (1990) The oxidation of poly-N-vinylpirrole to electroconducting ladder polymers. New. Polym. Mater., 2, 93-101. 

Ruggeri, G., Spila, E., Puncioni, G., and Ciardelli, F, (1994) Oxidized poly(N-vinyl-3-decylpirrole) and poly (N-vinyl-3-decylpyrrole-co-N-vinylpyrrole) soluble electroconducting ladder polymers, Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 15, 537-542. 

Barghi H, Taherzadeh MJ. Synthesis of an electroconductive membrane by poly(hydroxymethyl 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene-co-tetramethylene-N-hydroxyethyl adipamide). J Mater Chem C 2013 1 6347-6354. 

J.-I. Jin, C.-K. Park, and H.-K. Shim, Synthesis and electroconductivities of poly(2-methoxy-5meth-ylthio-1,4-phenylene vinylene) and copolymers, J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 29 93 (1991). 

Another approach is to occlude into the electroconductive polymer film a second polymer that contains functionalities to which indicator molecules may be conveniently covalently attached. Guiseppi-Elie and Wilson [180] coelectropolymerized pyrrole and 3-(l-pyrrolyl)-propionic acid in the presence of poly(styrenesuIfonic acid) and polyvinylamine (PVAm). Incorporation of the PV Am into the polymer film confers free primary amines on the surface of the film. Using aqueous cross-linking chemistry Guiseppi-Elie and Wilson conjugated the suc-cinamide ester of NHS-LC-biotin to the primary amine sites of the polymer surface. A simple variation on this theme can produce a wide variety of chemical and biological sensors. The occlusion of human serum albumin (HSA) [154] or bovine serum albumin (BSA) by electropolymerization in electroconductive polymer can also provide —COOH, —NH2, and —SH sites for the convenient attachment of indicator molecules. Likewise, macromolecular counteranions may be functionalized prior to or following occlusion into the CEP membrane. 

---