Oxidases, types

Future Outlook for Antidepressants. Third-generation antidepressants are expected to combine superior efficacy and improved safety, but are unlikely to reduce the onset of therapeutic action in depressed patients (179). Many dmgs in clinical development as antidepressive agents focus on estabhshed properties such as inhibition of serotonin, dopamine, and/or noradrenaline reuptake, agonistic or antagonistic action at various serotonin receptor subtypes, presynaptic tt2-adrenoceptor antagonism, or specific monoamine—oxidase type A inhibition. Examples include buspirone (3) (only... 

Da Prada, M, Kettler, R, Keller, HH, Burkard, WP, Muggli-Maniglio, D and Haefely, WE (1989) Neurochemical profile of moclobemide, a short-acting and reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A. /. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248 400-414. 

The beneficial effect of deprenyl in Parkinson s disease was su ested to be in part due to its effect on increasing the levels of SOD activity in several brain regions (Carrillo et al., 1993). Deprenyl is known to inhibit monoamine oxidase type B, which results in a reduction in hydrogen peroxide formation by blockade of the oxidative deamination of dopamine. That is believed to be the major mechanism of action of this drug in inhibiting the progression of Parkinson s disease. 

Stirpe, F. and Della Corte, E. (1969). The regulation of rat liver xanthine oxidase. Conversion in vitro of the enzyme activity from dehydrogenase (type D) to oxidase (type O). J. Biol.Chem. 244, 3855-3863. 

MAOa Monoamine oxidase type A NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors... 

MAOI non-selective monoamine oxidase (A/B) inhibitors RIMA reversible inhibitor of monamine oxidase type A SSRI selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors SNRI serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor SNARI selective noradrenaline (NA) reuptake inhibitor NA = 5-HT — DA potency of the drug is very similar in raising the level of both (or all three) monamines NA > 5-HT more selective for NA 5-HT>NA more selective for 5-HT NA increases the release of NA. 

Which of the following is a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) and, therefore, useful in treating parkinsonism ... 

Monoamine oxidase type B activity is increased / Glutamate pathways of the cortex and limbic structures are abnormal... 

Fowler CJ, Mantle TJ, Tipton KF. The nature of the inhibition of rat liver monoamine oxidase types A and B by the acetylenic inhibitors clorgyline, 1-deprenyl and pargyline. Biochem Pharmacol 1982 31(22) 3555-3561. 

Oxidases, types, 40 122 Oxidation, see also Coordinated diimine ligands... 

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors block the oxidative deamination of monoamines, i.e. norepinephrine and serotonin by inhibiting monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) and dopamine also by monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibition, thereby increasing these neurotransmittors at their receptors in the brain and in the periphery. MAO-A... 

J.F. Powell, P.P. Hau, W. Weyler, S. Chen, J. Salach, K. Adrikopoulos, J. Mallet, X.O. Breakefield, The primary structure of bovine monoamine oxidase type A Comparison with peptide sequences of bovine monoamine oxidase type B and other flavoenzymes, Biochem. J. 259 (1989) 407-413. 

Mechanism of Action An antiparkinson agent that irreversibly inhibits the activity of monoamine oxidase type B, the enzyme that breaks down dopamine, thereby increasing dopaminergic action. Therapeutic Effect Relieves signs and symptoms of Parkinson s disease. 

Hauffa BP, Solyom J, Glaz E, Shackleton CH, Wambach G, Vecsei P, Stolecke H, Homoki J (1991) Severe hypoaldosteronism due to corticosterone methyl oxidase type II deficiency in two boys metabolic and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies. Eur J Pediatr 150 149-153... 

Battelli, M. G., Lorenzoni, E. and Stirpe, F. 1973. Milk xanthine oxidase type D (dehydrogenase) and type 0 (oxidase). Purification, interconversion and some properties. Biochem. J. 131, 191-198. 

The side effects and cardiotoxicity of the tricyclic antidepressants have been discussed in detail elsewhere in this volume and, while there is ample evidence of their therapeutic efficacy, it seems difficult to justify their use, particularly in a group of patients who are most vulnerable to their detrimental side effects. Of the newer antidepressants, the reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A such as moclobemide may also be of value in the elderly depressed patient, particularly in those patients who fail to respond to the amine uptake inhibitor type of antidepressant. 

During the last decade, immobilization of oxidase type enzymes by physical entrapment in conducting or ionic polymers has gained in interest, particularly in the biosensor field. This was related to the possibility for direct electron tranfer between the redox enzyme and the electroconducting polymers such as polypyrrole (1,2), poly-N-methyl pyrrole (3), polyindole (4) and polyaniline (5) or by the possibility to incorporate by ion-exchange in polymer such as Nafion (6) soluble redox mediators that can act as electron shuttle between the enzyme and the electrode. 

Enzyme and substrate Glucose oxidase, type VII-S(E.C. 1.1.3.4) was supplied from Sigma Chemicals Co. A stock solution of glucose oxidase (24,000 U/ml) was prepared by dissolving the appropriate amount of the enzyme in water. A stock solution of glucose (2M) (BDH Chemicals) solutions was... 

Reagents. Anhydrous d-glucose and glucose oxidase Type VII Aspergillus Niger were purchased from Sigma. Acrylamide 97%, potassium persulfate 99%, 2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate 98% (DMAEM), N,N-methylenebisacrylamide 99% and NaOH were from Aldrich. NaCl was from Mallinckrodt. HC1 was purchased from Fisher. 

Multicopper Oxidases Type 1 (Blue) Type 2 (Normal) Type 3 (Coupled Binuclear) Total Cu... 

The drugs that can cause a serotonin syndrome when they are combined with SSRIs include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (including reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase types A and B), dextromethorphan,... 

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