Styrene polymers derived from

A dispersant that can be used in drilling fluids, spacer fluids, cement slurries, completion fluids, and mixtures of drilling fluids and cement slurries controls the rheologic properties of and enhances the filtrate control in these fluids. The dispersant consists of polymers derived from monomeric residues, including low-molecular-weight olefins that may be sulfonated or phosphonated, unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, ethylenically unsaturated anhydrides, unsaturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids, vinyl alcohols and diols, and sulfonated or phosphonated styrene. The sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid, and carboxylic acid groups on the polymers may be present in neutralized form as alkali metal or ammonium salts [192,193]. 

Traditionally, a polymer has been named by attaching the prefix poly to the name of the real or assumed monomer (the source ) from which it is derived. Thus, polystyrene is the name of the polymer made from styrene. When the name of the monomer comprises two or more words, parentheses should be used [1], as in poly(vinyl acetate), poly(methyl methacrylate), etc. Failure to use parentheses can lead to ambiguity. For example, polychlorostyrene could be the name of either a polychlorinated (monomeric) styrene or of a polymer derived from chlorostyrene similarly, polyethylene oxide could refer to the polymer 1, the polymer 2 or the macrocycle 3. 

Solid-phase coupling reagent for peptide synthesis. EEDQ has been incorporated into an insoluble polymer derived from styrene and divinylbenzene. The polymeric form is somewhat less effective for peptide synthesis than the monomeric form, but is comparable to the widely used dicyclohexylcarbodiimidc-N-hydroxysuccinimide combination. 

Poly(vinyls) substituted with -OH, -O-R, -OC(0)-R, -C(0)-R, -C5H4N, etc. groups form one important class of synthetic polymers having saturated carbon chain backbone. Other polymers derived from the vinyl group with specific substituents such as poly(halogenated olefins), poly(styrenes), poly(acrylates), and poly(methacrylates) form their own classes and are not included here. Examples of polymers known as poly(vinyls) and discussed in this section have formulas as indicated below ... 

These include the vinyl addition polymers derived from common monomers like methyl methacrylate [9], acrylonitrile [10-12], styrene [13],butadiene [14], 4-vinylpyridine [15],acrylamide [15],andtetrafluoro ethylene [16]. In addition, selective polymers like polyfvinyl alcohol) [17],poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) [18], polyfethylene glycol) (PEG) [19], and others [20] have also been used. 

Photosensitized crosslinking of polymers has been the subject of numerous publications [l - 30], concerned mainly with poly(ethylene), poly(vinyl alcohol), various vinyl copolymers, copolymers of maleic anhydride and/or phtalic anhydride with styrene and some polymers derivated from cinnamic acid. The following compounds were used as sensitizers benzophenone, 4-chloro- and 4,4-dimethylbenzophenone [l, 3-6, 8, 9l, oC -and -derivatives of anthraquinone [3, 23] acetophenone, hydroquinone, triphenylmethane and pyridine li.] chlorobenzene and no less than trichlorinated n-paraffins [6], a complex of zink chloride with o-dia-nizidine fill potassium bichromate [l2j, anthracene fl3, 14] 2,5-methoxy-4-amino-trans-stilbene [l5], benzyl ideneacetophenone fl6-l8] -thiophenylacetophenone,... 

Ac = Polyacrylamide Cycl = Cyclodextrin PE = Polyethylene PEO = Oxidized polyethylene PS = Polymer derived from p-chloromethylstyrene PS,b = Polymer derived from styrene and (7-bromoheptyl)styrene PS,b = Polymer derived from styrene and 4-bromobutyl)styrene PS,c = Polymer derived from styrene, p-chloromethylstyrene and divinylbenzene PS,f = Polymer derived from crosslinked polystyrene and polypropylene fibers. 

ZYLAR series of alloys of brittle polymer, ductile polymer and rubbery polymer are available from Novacor Chemicals, Inc. The components are brittle polymer, styrene (70 wt%) and methyl methacrylate (30 wt%) (Novacor s NAS30) ductile polymer, block copolymer derived from styrene (75 wt%) and butadiene (25 wt%) and rubbery polymer, a tapered polymer derived from styrene (43 wt%) and butadiene (57 wt%). No specific gamma stabilizers were added to these polymer alloys. 

Polystyrene A polymer derived from ethenylbenzene (styrene). 

Hypercrosshnked polymers derived from either hnear polystyrene or gel-type styrene—DVB copolymers take up large amounts of inert gases at low temperatures. Figure 7.26 iUustrates a typical sorption isotherm for nitrogen at 77 K onto the hypercrosshnked material prepared by crosslinking styrene—0.3% DVB copolymer with 0.5 mol of MCDE per 1 mol of styrene... 

The third group, Styrosorb 2, represents nanoporous single-phase polymers derived from spherical beads of gel-type styrene copolymers with largely 0.7% DVB, post-crosslinked in swollen state with monochlorodimethyl ether. The size of the micropores is approximately 10—30 A, and the apparent specific surface area reaches very large values of 1000—1900 m /g, which is comparable to the range of the best activated carbons. On the other hand, the pore volume of these materials is rather small, 0.2—0.3 cm /g. 

Simple vinyl polymers are named by attaching the prefix poly to the monomer name. For example, the polymer made from styrene becomes polystyrene. However, when the monomer name consists of more than one word or is preceded by a letter or a number, the monomer is enclosed in parenthesis with the prefix poly. Thus polymers derived from vinyl chloride or 4-chlorostyrene are designated polyfvinyl chloride) and poly(4-chlorostyrene), respectively. This helps to remove any possible ambiguity. 

The nomenclature used by polymer scientists is based on the common name of the reactant monomer preceded by the prefix poly . For example, polystyrene is the most frequently used name for the polymer derived from the monomer commonly known as styrene, and polyethylene is derived from the monomer... 

In this chapter, there are frequent mentions of certain monomers and the polymers derived from them. Abbreviations are used for styrene (STY), methyl methacrylate (MMA), vinyl acetate (VAC), acrylonitrile (AN) and methacrylo-nitrile (MAN). Abbreviations for other materials are specified at the points at which they first appear. 

The polymer deriving from butadiene is also made synthetically, and has special applications both in cis and trans forms. However, the most important synthetic rubber derived from butadiene is the copolymer with styrene, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), Fig. 20.3. 

This section deals with polymers derived from monomers bearing a vinyl group on an aromatic ring, excluding styrenes and vinyl arenes containing heteroatoms in the ring. 

The properties of polymers formed by the step growth esterification (1) of glycols and dibasic acids can be manipulated widely by the choice of coreactant raw materials (Table 1) (2). The reactivity fundamental to the majority of commercial resins is derived from maleic anhydride [108-31-6] (MAN) as the unsaturated component in the polymer, and styrene as the coreactant monomer. Propylene glycol [57-55-6] (PG) is the principal glycol used in most compositions, and (i9f2v (9)-phthahc anhydride (PA) is the principal dibasic acid incorporated to moderate the reactivity and performance of the final resins. 

Almost all IDA derived chain extenders are made through ortho-alkylation. Diethyltoluenediamine (DE I DA) (C H gN2) (53), with a market of about 33,000 t, is the most common. Many uses for /-B I DA have been cited (1,12). Both DE I DA and /-B I DA are especially useful in RIM appHcations (49,53—55). Di(methylthio)-TDA, made by dithioalkylation of TDA, is used in cast urethanes and with other TDI prepolymers (56). Styrenic alkylation products of TDA are said to be useful, eg, as in the formation of novel polyurethane—polyurea polymers (57,58). Progress in understanding aromatic diamine stmcture—activity relationships for polyurethane chain extenders should allow progress in developing new materials (59). Chlorinated IDA is used in polyurethane—polyurea polymers of low hysteresis (48) and in reinforced polyurethane tires (60). The chloro-TDA is made by hydrolysis of chloro-TDI, derived from TDA (61). 

---