Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials

Departments of Nanoengineering, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA 

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Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials 321 11.3.2 Nanomaterial-based Bioaffinity Sensors... 

The material is presented in 17 chapters, covering topics such as trends in ion selective electrodes, advances in electrochemical immunosensors, modem glucose biosensors for diabetes management, biosensors based on nanomaterials (e.g. nanotubes or nanocrystals), biosensors for nitric oxide and superoxide, or biosensors for pesticides. 

Nowadays, the construction of electrochemical biosensors based on the use of gold nanoparticles constitutes an intensive research area because of the unique advantages that this nanomaterial lends to biosensing devices. So, gold nanoparticles provide a stable surface for immobilization of biomolecules with no loss of their biological activity. Moreover, they facilitate direct electron transfer between redox proteins and electrode materials, and constitute useful interfaces for the electrocatalysis of redox processes of molecules such as H202 or NADH involved in many biochemical reactions (1, 2). 

As mentioned before, several electrochemical biosensors based on direct DNA detection or catalyzed oxidation of DNA G residues require the combination of nanomaterials, DNA-recognition, and electrical detection protocols, allowing them to improve the sensitivity of the devices. Other promising technologies for the analysis of DNA through the use of labels, as described in the following section, have been obtained. 

Al, J.E., 2014. Multi-nanomaterial electrochemical biosensor based on label-free graphene for detecting cancer biomarkers. Biosens. Bioelectron. 55, 464—469. 

The representative techniques currently applied for an efficient, specific, rapid detection of viruses are described by Cay gill et al. Among them, electrochemical biosensors based on amperometric, potentiometric, and impedance measurements, optical biosensors that use surface plasmon resonance, optical fibers and piezoelectric biosensors based on microcantilevers, and recently the use of nanoparticles and novel nanomaterials as alternate recognition surfaces have been widely applied. 

Chapters 1 to 5 deal with ionophore-based potentiometric sensors or ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Chapters 6 to 11 cover voltammetric sensors and biosensors and their various applications. The third section (Chapter 12) is dedicated to gas analysis. Chapters 13 to 17 deal with enzyme based sensors. Chapters 18 to 22 are dedicated to immuno-sensors and genosensors. Chapters 23 to 29 cover thick and thin film based sensors and the final section (Chapters 30 to 38) is focused on novel trends in electrochemical sensor technologies based on electronic tongues, micro and nanotechnologies, nanomaterials, etc. 

The topics discussed in the book include electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization based on latex/gold nanoparticles and nanotubes nanomaterial-based electrochemical DNA detection electrochemical detection of microorganism-based DNA biosensor gold nanoparticle-based electrochemical DNA biosensors electrochemical detection of the aptamer-target interaction nanoparticle-induced catalysis for DNA biosensing basic terms regarding electrochemical DNA (nucleic acids) biosensors screen-printed electrodes for electrochemical DNA detection application of field-effect transistors to label-free electrical DNA biosensor arrays and electrochemical detection of nucleic acids using branched DNA amplifiers. 

This book provides a comprehensive compilation of seven chapters, with important contributions of several authors. Chapter 1 reviews the recent research in using nanoparticle labels and multiplexed detection in protein immunosensors. This chapter summarizes recent progress in development of ultrasensitive electrochemical devices to measure cancer biomarker proteins, with emphasis on the use of nanoparticles and nanostmctured sensors aimed for use in clinical cancer diagnostics. Based on recent strategies focused on nanomaterials for electrochemical biosensors development. Chap. 2 discusses the development of new... 

As it can be seen, the number of publications is enormous. The aim of this chapter, rather than attempting a systematic review of the field, is to show in a didactic manner the possibilities of electrochemical immunosensing for food analysis. There are some parts that could be found in other chapters of this book, such as, for example, the use of miniaturized electrodes, nanomaterials, or electrochemical techniques. However, a focus on the knowledge required for understanding their application to food analysis is always made, leaving a deeper treatment for those chapters. On the other hand, the reader can find many important references to the field in recent reviews, from the most general to the particular ones. Thus, recent trends in antibody-based sensors [2] (immunosensors) or smart electrochemical biosensors (from advanced materials to ultrasensitive devices)... 

DNA biosensor technologies are under intense investigation owing to their great promise for the rapid and low-cost detection of specific DNA sequences. In the following sections, various DNA detection strategies based on electrochemical/electrical techniques that also involve nanomaterials and are with interest for food quality control will be described. 

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